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BPK 140 Final > Unit 10: Drugs & Alcohol > Flashcards

Unit 10: Drugs & Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

List the routes of administration

Describe the effects of drugs after administration in terms of time

A
  • inhalation
  • subcataneous injection
  • oral dosage
  • intravenous injection
  • intramuscular injection

  • inhalation: immediate, rapid decline of effects
  • injection: takes a bit of time to work but rapidly reaches peak, rapid decline of effects after peak
  • snorting/sniffing: slower incline to peak, same decline
  • ingestion: slow incline and decline
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2
Q

Short & Long term effects of smoking cigarettes

A

short-term
- stimulates brain to release chemicals that alter mood
- tars and toxins irritate mucous membranes, dull taste buds
- constricts blood vessels, especially in skin
- irritation increases mucus production + damages cilia in bronchial tubes, allowing particles to reach delicate lung tissue
- stimulates adrenal glands to release adrenaline, causing changes in functioning of heart and other organs
- depresses hunger contractions
- inhibits production of urine in kidneys
- causes liver to release glycogen raising blood sugar level

long-term
- CVD and lung cancer
- bronchitis, emphysema and reproductive complications
- carcinogens damage DNA

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3
Q

Explain the damage to lungs caused by smoking

A
  • ciliated cells are absent/damaged, mucus layer sits + builds up
  • greater chance of infection to anything that gets trapped in lungs
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4
Q

What is addiction?

A

a chronic disease that involves disruption of the brain’s systems related to reward, morivation + memory

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5
Q

Explain substance misuse

A

use of a substance inconsistent w/ medical or legal guidelines
- you don’t have to be addicted to a drug to suffer its serious consequences - many cases involve misusing it once

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6
Q

describe the criteria of substance use disorder

A

2-3 symptoms indicate a mild disorder
4-5 symptoms indicate a moderate disorder
6+ symptoms are evidence of severe disorder

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7
Q

explain how addiction develops

A

often starts when person does something to bring pleasure or avoid pain

reinforcement leads to increasing dependence, tolerance develops

eventually, behaviour become focus of the person’s life
- behaviour will no longer bring pleasure, but repeating it is necessary to avoid withdrawal

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8
Q

define behavioural addictions

list the types of behavioural addictions

A

any subtance or activity that becomes the focus of a person’s life @ the expense of other needs + interests

  • problem gambling
  • video game addiction
  • compulsive exercising
  • work addiction
  • sex addiction
  • compulsive buying/shopping
  • internet addiction
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9
Q

What are the characteristics of addictions? describe

RCLEN

A

reinforcement
- positive/negative, motivation to redo

compulsion or craving
- compelling need to engage in use/behaviour

loss of control
- can’t block impulse to continue behaviour

escalation
- move of substance required to achieve physiological effect, result of tolerance

negative consequences
- social, personal, etc.

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10
Q

list factors associated w/ trying drugs

A
  • the allure of drugs: availability + peer influence
  • some people are born w/ a brain chem. or metabolism that makes them more vulnerable than other to addiction
  • being male, having a troubled childhood, being a thrill seeker, being in a dysfunctional family, getting in trouble @ school, being poor, engaging in risky sexual behaviour
  • home environments
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11
Q

list risks associated w/ drug use

A
  • intoxication: uncharacteristic + unsafe behaviours
  • unexpected side effects: physical + psychological effects
  • unknown drug constituents: illicit drugs can be contaminated or even poisonous
  • risks associated w/ injection: sharing/reuse can be contaminated w/ blood - HIV, HCV
  • legal consequences
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12
Q

Opiods

What are opiods?

A

natural/synthetic drugs that relieve pain, cause drowsiness + induce euphoria

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13
Q

Opiods

What are the effects of opiods?

Withdrawal symptoms?

A
  • reduce anxiety
  • produce lathargy + apathy
  • inability to concentrate
  • relaxation + euphoria
  • slurred speech + impaired balance
  • slowed breathing

withdrawal symptoms:
- cramps
- chills
- sweating
- nausea
- irritability
- panic

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14
Q

Opiods

What are social issues of opiods?

A

Ongoign rapid fentanyl crisis in BC

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15
Q

Opiods

What is usually used to reverse the effects of opiods?

A

Naloxone

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16
Q

CNS depressants

What are the effects of CNS depressants?

Withdrawal symptoms?

A
  • reduce anxiety + cause mood changes
  • impaired muscle coordination
  • slurred speech
  • drowsiness/sleep

withdrawal
- anxiety
- shaking
- weakness
- seizures
- CV collapse
- death

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17
Q

CNS depressants

What are examples?

A

alcohol, barbiturates

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18
Q

CNS depressants

Discuss misuse issues with CNS depressants

what is it also known as?

A
  • often associated w/ dance clubs + raves
  • slows respiration (and CV) + may stop it entirely

AKA tranquilizers

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19
Q

CNS stimulants

what do they do?

A

speed up activity of nervous/musc. system

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20
Q

CNS simulants

State examples

A
  • cocaine
  • amphetamine
  • nicotine
  • ephedrine
  • caffeine
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21
Q

CNS stimulants

Explain the history of cocaine

A
  • for centuries, natives of Andes chewed on coca leaves for pleasure + increased endurance
  • 19th century some physicians enthusiastic about cure for alcoholism + addiction to morphine
  • enthusiasm waned after side effects became apparent
  • 1980s became popular - crack cocaine small quanitites + cheap
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22
Q

CNS stimulants

state the process of effects of cocaine

A
  • 5-20 mins, euphoria, followed by irritability, anxiety or slight depression
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23
Q

CNS stimulants

Short-term and long-term effects of cocaine

A

short-term
- feelings of euphoria, alertness, competency, power, invincibility
- rapid heat/breathing rate, decreased appetite
long-term
- insomnia, weight loss, impotence
- damages mucous membrane
- severe psychological problems
- strokes, seizures + neurological damage
- arrthmia
- damages heart tissue
- affects ability to ejaculate in men
- affects ability to carry pregnancy

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24
Q

CNS stimulants

what are amphetamines?

A

group of synthetic chemicals that are potent CNS stimulants

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25
# CNS stimulants State effects of Amphetamines ## Footnote Long-term effects?
- alertness - curbs appetite - euphoria, rapid breathing, hyperthermia, insomnia, temors + convulsions ## Footnote Brain damage similar to Parkinson's
26
# CNS stimulants what are withdrawals symptoms of amphetamines
muscle aches, tremors, fatigue, depression, apathy
27
# CNS stimulants Stimulant ADHD meds: purpose, name who usually misuses it
- stimulant used to treat ADHD w/ amphetamine-like effects - often misused by students to raise school performance + grades
28
# CNS stimulants What is ephedrine linked to?
Heart arrhythmia, stroke, psychotic reactions, seizures + some deaths
29
What is cannabis classified as?
CNS depressant, stimulant + hallucinogen
30
What is the main ingredient of cannabis?
THC is the main active ingredient in cannabis
31
# Cannabis Name acute and chronic effects
**Acute** - mild euphoria - hightened perception -drowsiness -red eyes **Chronic** - interfere with memory + learning - reproductive dysfunction - promotes schizophrenia - risks in airways - carcinogens
32
What are hallucinogens?
group of drugs whose predominant pharamcological effect is to alter peceptions, feelings + thoughts
33
# Hallucinogens What is LCD?
one of the most powerful psychoactive drugs
34
# Hallucinogens What are flashbacks?
perpetual distortions + bizarre thoughts that occur after drug has been entirely elimanated from body
35
# Hallucinogens What are LSD, PCP and Psilocybin known as? ## Footnote What are risks? Explain 'bad' and 'good' trips
LSD ("acid"), PCP (angel dust); psilocybin (magic mushrooms) ## Footnote - irrational acts while on drug - 'bad' trips are bad experience and vice versa for 'good' trips, environment, mood and dose have effect on them
36
# MDMA/Ecstasy What type of drug is ecstasy?
stimulant and mild hallucinogen
37
# MDMA/Ecstasy What are the effects of ecstasy? ## Footnote What is the 'coming down' associated with?
- increases serotonin - euphoria - increased energy - heightened sense of belonging ## Footnote - serotonin imbalances - promoting depression
38
# MDMA/Ecstasy What are misuse and common issues with Ecstasy?
- especially dangerous when tolerance develops and takes user to use at higher dose or mix with other drugs - in club/rave setting can produce dangerously high body temp and potentially fatal dehydration
39
Name the groups of inhalants ## Footnote Which age group does it tend to be the most common?
- volatile solvents - aerosols - nitrites -anaesthetics ## Footnote younger adolescents, easy to obtain and hard to control
40
Effects of inhalants
- suffocation - damage to NS - hearing loss - increased risk of cancer - damage to kidneys, liver, bone marrow
41
Preventions of drug-related issues
**treatment for addiction** - medically assisted detoxification - behavioural therapies + counselling **medications that reduce craving for misued drug or block effects** - ex. methadone used for heroin **treatment centres** - hospitilization, detoxifcation, counselling **groups + peer counselling** **harm-reduction strategies** - needle/syring exchange programs - safe injection facilities - provision of easy-to-use forms of naxolone - free-testing of street drugs for purity + potency **codependncy** - treatments involve whole family
42
Preventions of drug misuse
- best solution to misuse + addiction - govt. attempts to control drug problem by stopping production, importation + distribution of illegal drugs - education
43
# Alcohol explain examples | describe + state % of alcohol
- beer: brewed by mix of grains (3-6% alcohol) - ales + malt liquor: like beer (6-8% alcohol) - wines: fermentation of grapes/fruits, table wine (9-14%), fortified wine (16-20%) - hard liquor: distilling brewed or fermented grains/plant products (usually 35-50% but can be changed)
44
# Alcohol explain the absorption of alcohol
- several factors: how fast you drink, how fast stomach empties contents, how much + type of food + drugs in system - all alcogol a person consumes is eventually absorbed - when person drinks alcohol, small # is absorbed by oral mucosa (20% in stomach, 75% in upper part of small intestine, remaining enters blood stream farther along GI tract)
45
# Alcohol explain the metabolism + excretion of alcohol
- once absorbed, alcohol is metabolized (usable parts are transformed into energy + fat) - circulatory system quickly transports alcohol throughout the body (since it moves easily through most biological membranes, rapidly distributed through most tissues) - most is metabolized in the liver - about 2-10% is excreted unchanged by lungs, kidneys, sweat glands - when alcohol enters brain, it affects neurotransmitters
46
# Alcohol what are the factors that influence effects of alcohol intake + BAC?
- **body weight**, smaller develop higher BAC than larger - **body fat %**, higher usually develop increased BAC than more musc. person - **biological sex**, females metabolize less alcohol in stomach than males
47
# Alcohol describe hangovers
most likely cause by combo of toxic products of alcohol breakdown, dehydration + hormonal effects
48
# Alcohol describe alcohol poisoning
- occurs more often than people realize - death can be CNS + respiratory depression or by inhaling fluid/vomit in lungs - BAC continues to rise during unconsciousness (the amount of alcohol it takes for a person to pass out is close to fatal)
49
# Alcohol What link does alcohol have to crime?
40-50% of all murders, assaults + sexual assaults are associated w/ alcohol
50
# Alcohol State the immediate + long term effects of alcohol abuse
**Immediate** - impaired reaction time and motor coordination - impaired judgment and sedation - coma and death at high BACs - less acute vision, smell, taste and hearing - nausea, stomach bleeding, inflammation - skin flushing, sweating, heat loss, hypothermia, formation of broken capillaries - reduced erection response in men **Chronic** - brain damage, impaired memory, loss of sensation in limbs, brain atrophy - weakened cardiac muscle, elevated bP, irregular HR, increased risk of stroke - increased risk of breat cancer - lowered resistance to disease - cirrhosis of the liver; hepatitis; iinflammation of stomach and pancreas; increased risk of cancers of lip, mouth, larynx, esophagus, liver, rectum, stomach and pancreas - kidney failure associated with end-stage liver disease - nutrient deficiencies; obesity - in women, menstural irregularities and increased risk of having children with FAS - in men, impotence + impaired sperm production - increased risk of fractures from frequent falls, increased risk of osteoporosis
51
# Unit 10 Quiz Questions **True or False**: The setting in which a person uses drugs is classified as a user factor.
False
52
# Unit 10 Quiz Questions **True or False**: Opioids tend to induce euphoria and stimulate activity, including increased responsiveness to sexual stimulation.
Fa;se
53
# Unit 10 Quiz Questions **True or False**: The placebo effect is related to user expectations.
True
54
# Unit 10 Quiz Questions **True or False**: Swallowing a drug will produce a stronger effect than injecting the same drug intravenously.
False
55
# Unit 10 Quiz Questions **True or False**: Evidence suggests that alcohol consumption may have both good and bad consequences for the cardiovascular system.
True
56
# Unit 10 Quiz Questions A shy person who drinks several alcoholic beverages at a party and becomes very loud and social is experiencing the effects of __ ## Footnote - intoxication - dependence - tolerance - NS stimulation - abuse
intoxication
57
# Unit 10 Quiz Questions For a diagnosis of moderate substance use disorder, an individual must demonstrate ____ of 11 symptoms. ## Footnote - 3-4 - 4-5 - 1-2 - 5-6 - 7-8
4-5
58
# Unit 10 Quiz Questions Which characteristic of addictive behaviour is when an individual needs more and more of a substance? ## Footnote - loss of control - experimentation - reinforcement - compulsion - ecalation
escalation
59
# Unit 10 Quiz Questiona John, who is 14 years old, is somewhat small for his age and is often teased by his peers. He has recently become involved with a new peer group that is known to use alcohol and marijuana. What factor has probably had the most influence on John's decision to become involved with drugs? ## Footnote - experimentation - rebellion - lack of parental guidance - peer acceptence - allure of excitement
peer acceptance
60
# Unit 10 Quiz Questions For a diagnosis of mild substance use disorder, an individual must demonstrate ____of 11 symptoms. ## Footnote - 4-5 - 7-8 - 5-6 - 2-3
2-3

BPK 140 Final (8 decks)

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