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PSY280 > Unit 1.2 Eye See You > Flashcards

Unit 1.2 Eye See You Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first structure that light encounters when entering the eye?

A

The cornea.

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2
Q

After the cornea, where does light pass through next?

A

The aqueous humor, then through the pupil, where light enters the eye.

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3
Q

What controls the size of the pupil?

A

The iris.

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4
Q

What is the role of the crystalline lens in the eye?

A

The crystalline lens focuses light onto the retina by changing its shape through the action of the ciliary muscles.

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5
Q

What is the vitreous humor?

A

The transparent fluid fills the vitreous chamber in the posterior part of the eye, maintaining its shape.

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6
Q

What is the retina’s function?

A

The retina is a light-sensitive membrane that receives the image from the lens and converts it into neural signals through photoreceptors (rods and cones).

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7
Q

How does light transduction occur in the retina?

A

Light is detected by photoreceptors (rods and cones), which transduce the light energy into neural signals processed by bipolar cells and then sent to ganglion cells.

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8
Q

What is the tapetum?

A

a reflecting surface in the back of the eye that reflects the light back through the retina one more time. (found in nocturnal animals)

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9
Q

What is the process of accommodation in the eye?

A

Accommodation is the adjustment of the lens shape to focus on near or far objects, controlled by the ciliary muscles.

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10
Q

Why is refraction necessary?

A

to focus light rays and this is done by the cornea and the lens

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11
Q

What is emmetropia?

A

the condition of having normal vision without any refractive error, meaning light is focused correctly on the retina.

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12
Q

What is myopia?

A

Myopia, or nearsightedness, occurs when light entering the eye is focused in front of the retina, making distant objects appear blurry. It is often caused by an elongated eyeball.

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13
Q

How can myopia be corrected?

A

Myopia can be corrected with glasses that have concave lenses or through laser surgery that reshapes the cornea to adjust the refractive power.

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14
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

Hyperopia, or farsightedness, occurs when light entering the eye is focused behind the retina, resulting in difficulty seeing nearby objects clearly.

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15
Q

How is hyperopia corrected?

A

Hyperopia can be corrected with glasses that have convex lenses, which help focus light onto the retina.

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16
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

Astigmatism is a visual defect caused by the unequal curving of one or more of the refractive surfaces of the eye, usually the cornea, leading to distorted or blurred vision.

17
Q

What are cataracts?

A

Cataracts are characterized by the loss of transparency in the lens of the eye, leading to cloudy vision. They can be treated with silicone implants.

18
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Presbyopia, also known as “old sight,” is the inability to accommodate nearby objects due to the stiffening of the lens, commonly occurring with age.

19
Q

What causes presbyopia?

A

Presbyopia is caused by the loss of flexibility in the lens and/or the tiring of the ciliary muscles, making it difficult to focus on close objects.

20
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

a group of eye diseases that lead to damage to the optic nerve

21
Q

What happens if glaucoma is left untreated?

A

slowly lead to blindness
Big risk factor: intraocular pressure

22
Q

How is glaucoma diagnosed?

A
  • part of regular Screening with an Optometrist
  • IOP measurement
  • Dilated fundus measurement
  • Visual field measurement
  • Optical coherence tomography
  • Retinal nerve fiber assessment
23
Q

What is an example of a visual field deficit experienced by glaucoma?

A

tunnel vision

24
Q

What are some treatments for glaucoma?

A
  • reduction of IOP through medication or mental stress relief
  • laser or conventional surgery to improve drainage of liquids from the eye
25
Q

Where does transduction occur?

A

it starts in the retina

26
Q

What is an ophthalmoscope used for?

A

doctors can view the back surface of the patient’s eye, which is called the fundus
- see the optic disc and macula lutea (where the fovea is)

27
Q

What is the choroid?

A

delivers nutrients to the retina and other parts of the eye

28
Q

What is the sclera?

A

the outer part that holds the eye together
- tough substance

29
Q

What is the fovea?

A

area with the highest density of photoreceptors
- where we see the sharpest and highest resolution

30
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

area with no photoreceptors, also known as blindspot

31
Q

What is the optic nerve?

A

consists of the axons of the retina ganglion cells, leaves the eye through the optic disc

32
Q

What do blood vessels do in the eye?

A

provide nutrients to all the tissues in the eye

PSY280 (12 decks)

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