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PSY280 > Unit 1.10, 1.11 and 1.12 > Flashcards

Unit 1.10, 1.11 and 1.12 Flashcards

1
Q

What is middle vision?

A

-visual processing that occurs after basic features have been extracted and before object recognition and scene understanding
- perception of edges and surfaces and determines which regions of an image should be grouped together into objects.

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2
Q

What are the key processes involved in middle vision?

A

Key processes include edge detection, surface perception, figure-ground segregation, and object grouping.

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3
Q

What is an illusory contour?

A

a contour that is perceived even though noting changes from one side of the contour to the other in the image

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4
Q

What are Gestalt grouping rules?

A

set of principles for grouping the seemingly chaotic multitude of perceptual information into meaningful form

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5
Q

What is the rule of good continuation?

A

a Gestalt grouping rule stating that two elements will tend to group together if they lie on the same contour

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6
Q

What is the statistical basis of “good continuation”?

A

color-coded likelihood of lines occurring next to a horizontal line, by position and orientation

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7
Q

What is the Closure principle in Gestalt psychology?

A

People tend to fill in gaps to perceive a complete object when an external stimulus partially matches that object.

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8
Q

What is Texture Segmentation?

A

The process of dividing an image into regions based on common texture properties.

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9
Q

What role does Similarity play in Gestalt grouping?

A

Elements that are similar in color, shape, or size are likely to be grouped together.

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10
Q

What role does Proximity play in Gestalt grouping?

A

Objects that are close to each other are perceived as a group.

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11
Q

What does the Parallelism principle suggest?

A

Parallel contours are likely to be perceived as part of the same figure.

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12
Q

What does the Symmetrical principle suggest?

A

Symmetrical regions are more likely to be perceived as figures than asymmetrical ones.

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13
Q

What is the Common Region principle?

A

Features that appear to be part of the same larger region are grouped together.

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14
Q

What is the connectedness principle?

A

Items that are physically connected are perceived as a single unit.

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15
Q

What does the principle of Common Fate refer to?

A

Elements that move in the same direction are grouped together.

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16
Q

What does the principle of Synchrony refer to?

A

Elements that change at the same time are likely to be perceived as a group.

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17
Q

What is an Accidental Viewpoint?

A

A viewing position that produces a regularity in the visual image that is not present in the real world, affecting how we group elements. (perceptual committees assume viewpoints are non accidental)

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18
Q

What is an Ambiguous figure?

A

a visual stimulus that gives rise to two or more interpretations of its identity or structure (perceptual committees than to obey the laws of physics)

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19
Q

How do Gestalt principles help in figure-ground assignments?

A

They guide the visual system in distinguishing foreground objects (figures) from the background (ground) based on certain characteristics like surroundedness and size.

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20
Q

What is the canonical view in perception?

A

The canonical view refers to a viewpoint of an object that is most easily recognized, often the perspective from which we are most familiar with the object.

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21
Q

What is camouflage in the context of perception?

A

Camouflage is an organism’s attempt to break Gestalt rules so that its features are not perceived as a distinct object but rather as part of a larger background.

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22
Q

What is “dazzle camouflage”?

A

Dazzle camouflage is a technique used in military contexts, such as on ships, to confuse observers by using bold patterns and contrasting colors, making it hard to determine the object’s size and shape from a distance.

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23
Q

What are the Gestalt figure-ground assignment principles?

A
  • surrounded-ness: the surrounding region is likely the background
  • size: the smaller region is likely to be figure
  • symmetry: a symmetrical region tends to be seen as a figure
  • parallelism: regions with parallel contours tend to be seen as figures
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24
Q

What is a non-accidental feature?

A

A non-accidental feature is a characteristic of an object that is not dependent on the exact (or accidental) viewing position of the observer.

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25
Q

What are T junctions in the context of non-accidental features?

A

T junctions indicate occlusion, where the top of the “T” is in front and the stem of the “T” is in back, providing cues about the spatial arrangement of objects.

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26
Q

What do Y junctions signify in visual perception?

A

Y junctions indicate corners facing the observer, helping to convey depth and the orientation of objects in a scene.

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27
Q

How do arrow junctions function as non-accidental features?

A

Arrow junctions indicate corners facing away from the observer, contributing to the understanding of object structure and orientation.

28
Q

What is the Global Superiority Effect?

A

The Global Superiority Effect refers to the phenomenon where the properties of a whole object take precedence over the properties of its individual parts. This means that when perceiving an object, our visual system prioritizes the overall structure and configuration over the details of its components.

29
Q

What is the summary of the middle vision?

A
  1. bring together what should be brought together
  2. split asunder what should be split asunder
  3. use what you know
  4. avoid accidents
  5. seek consensus and avoid ambiguity
30
Q

How do Gestalt principles relate to ecological validity?

A

They capitalize on regularities in the physical world, helping the visual system interpret stimuli effectively.

31
Q

What is the Bayesian approach?

A

a formal, mathematical system that combines information about the current stimulus with prior knowledge about the world

32
Q

What are the processes in object recognition?

A
  1. determine features present in the image (low-level vision)
  2. group features into objects (middle vision)
  3. match perceived to encoded representations (high-level vision)
33
Q

What are the two primary pathways involved in object recognition?

A

The “what” pathway and the “where” pathway.

34
Q

What does the “what” pathway focus on?

A

Ventral: The “what” pathway is concerned with identifying the names and functions of objects, regardless of their location. (temporal lobe)

35
Q

What is the main focus of the “where” pathway?

A

Dorsal: The “where” pathway is concerned with the locations and shapes of objects but not their names or functions. (parietal lob)

36
Q

What is boundary ownership?

A

Boundary ownership refers to the visual system’s ability to determine which side of a contour belongs to an object (the figure) and which side belongs to the background (the ground).

37
Q

What is the extrastriate cortex?

A

The extrastriate cortex refers to areas of the visual cortex outside of the primary visual cortex (V1) that are involved in processing visual information, particularly related to object recognition and perception.

38
Q

What is the role of the inferotemporal (IT) cortex?

A

The IT cortex is part of the “what” pathway and is crucial for object recognition (part of the cerebral cortex in the lower portion of the temporal lobe). Neurons in this area respond to complex stimuli such as faces, hands, and various objects, and have large receptive fields.

39
Q

What kind of stimuli do neurons moving from V1 to IT respond to?

A

complex stimuli

40
Q

What kind of stimuli are cells in area V4 interested in?

A

stimuli such as fans, spirals, and pinwheels

41
Q

What is the significance of receptive field properties in the extrastriate cortex?

A

Neurons in the extrastriate cortex have large receptive fields and respond to complex stimuli rather than simple spots or lines, allowing for the processing of more intricate visual information.

42
Q

What is the significance of receptive field properties in the IT cortex?

A
  • very large - some cover half the visual field
  • don’t respond well to spots or lines
  • do respond well to stimuli such as hands, faces or objects
43
Q

What are “grandmother cells”?

A

“Grandmother cells” refer to hypothetical neurons in the IT cortex that would respond specifically to the recognition of a particular object, such as a grandmother’s face, although this concept is debated in neuroscience.

44
Q

How does object recognition occur in the extrastriate cortex?

A

Object recognition involves quick initial processing (around 150 ms) followed by ongoing processing, where the brain continues to refine and confirm the recognition through feedback and reentrant processing among various brain areas.

45
Q

What happens when the IT cortex is damaged?

A

Damage to the IT cortex can lead to agnosias, which is the failure to recognize objects despite the ability to see them.

46
Q

How do lesions in the IT cortex affect visual perception?

A

Lesions can disrupt the processing of complex visual stimuli, leading to specific deficits in object recognition and identification.

47
Q

What is agnosia?

A

failure to recognize objects in spite of the ability to see them

48
Q

What are the different types of agnosia associated with IT cortex damage?

A
  1. General agnosia: inability to recognize objects.
  2. Prosopagnosia: inability to recognize faces.
  3. Inanimate agnosia: inability to recognize inanimate objects.
  4. Place agnosia: difficulty recognizing locations.
  5. Mirror agnosia: inability to understand mirrors.
49
Q

What is Naive Template Theory?

A

Naive Template Theory posits that the visual system recognizes objects by matching the neural representation of an image with a stored representation of the same shape in the brain, akin to a “lock-and-key” mechanism.

50
Q

What is a major problem with Naive Template Theory?

A

A significant problem is that it would require an impractically large number of templates to account for all possible variations of objects, such as different fonts, colors, and rotations.

51
Q

What is the “Pandemonium Model”?

A

a simple model of letter recognition that describes perception as a “committee” where different “demons” (representing neurons) respond to specific features of stimuli and combine their outputs to recognize objects.

52
Q

What are “feature demons” in the context of the Pandemonium Model?

A

Feature demons are specialized units in the model that respond to specific features of stimuli (like edges or curves) and contribute to the overall recognition process by “shouting” their findings to a decision-making level.

53
Q

What is a key limitation of the Pandemonium Model?

A

A key limitation is that it may oversimplify the complex processes involved in perception and object recognition, as it does not account for the interactions and feedback mechanisms that occur in the brain.

54
Q

What is the Recognition by Components (RBC) model?

A

suggests that objects are recognized by the identities and relationships of their component parts, known as geons.

55
Q

What are geons?

A

Geons are the geometric ions or basic shapes that make up objects in the RBC model. They are the building blocks for object recognition.

56
Q

What is viewpoint invariance in the context of the RBC model?

A

Viewpoint invariance refers to the property that an object can be recognized regardless of the observer’s angle of view. The RBC model aims to achieve this by representing objects based on their geons.

57
Q

What are non-accidental properties in the context of geons?

A

Non-accidental properties are features of geons that remain consistent regardless of the viewpoint, such as vertices and edges, which help in recognizing objects even when they are partially obscured.

58
Q

What is a limitation of the RBC model?

A

One limitation is that object recognition is not completely viewpoint-invariant; empirical studies show that recognition times increase as objects are rotated away from a learned view.

59
Q

What is the significance of fMRI in object recognition research?

A

Functional MRI (fMRI) helps identify brain regions that respond to certain stimuli, allowing researchers to understand the neural basis of object recognition.

60
Q

What is the subtraction method in object recognition research?

A

comparing brain activity measured in two conditions: one with and one without the mental process of interest

61
Q

What is the decoding method in object recognition research?

A

take fMRI scans of participants looking at many images from various known categories. Train a computer model to recognize brain activity from each category. Then test the computer model to see if it can identify an untrained image based on what it has learned.

62
Q

What are specialized areas within the extrastriate cortex?

A
  • FFA (Fusiform Face Area): Responds preferentially to faces.
  • PPA (Parahippocampal Place Area): Responds to places (e.g., houses).
  • EBA (Extrastriate Body Area): Involved in the perception of body parts.
  • MT (Middle Temporal area): Specialized for motion processing.
63
Q

What are the different bases for categorizing objects?

A

Objects can be categorized based on:
- Appearance
- Function
- Taxonomy
- Context

64
Q

What are the levels of categorization?

A

The three levels of categorization are:
1. Entry-level category: The label that comes to mind most quickly when identifying an object.
2. Subordinate-level category: A more specific term for an object.
3. Superordinate-level category: A more general term for an object.

65
Q

What are the two main steps in face perception?

A
  1. Recognition of face parts
  2. Recognition of the spatial configuration of these parts
66
Q

How does image inversion affect face recognition?

A

Image inversion (turning a face upside down) significantly impairs face recognition, affecting the perception of both parts and configuration.

PSY280 (16 decks)

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