[Unit 1.2] Carbohydrates Flashcards
Biological Molecules
Test for glucose
add benedicts solution, heat above 60C. Solution will go from blue to green to yellow to orange to brick red (blue to brick red)
Test for starch
add iodine. will turn from orange to blue/black
Test for amylose
it is a component of starch (making up 20-30%) so test with iodine, will turn from orange to blue/black
Test for amylase
test to see if your unknown solution will remove starch from a known starch solution. So add to a starch solution, wait and add iodine. if iodine doesn’t change colour, amylase was present as it broke down the starch in the known solution.
what is the structure of cellulose
long straight chain of Beta glucose
Joined by hydrogen bonding
To form micro fibrils
Which provide rigidity
what is the structure of starch (generally)
helical shape so compact
insoluble so osmotically inactive
large so cannot leave cell
structure of glycogen
similar to amylopectin
polymer of alpha glucose
has alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds and alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds
not coiled, as it’s more branched, so it has more SA for enzymes to break it down easier (we have higher metabolic requirements(more active))
where are carbohydrates stored (animal)
in liver and muscle cells as small granules of glycogen
structure of amylose
only has alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds
amylose is helically coiled (hydrogen bonds hold helix shape)
Structure of amylopectin
has alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds and alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds,
less coiled than amylose
more soluble than amylose
how are carbs stored (plants)
starch is used as carbohydrate stores in plants.
They are stored as intracellular starch grains in organelles called plastids (in palisade layer(where photosynthesis happens))
in terms of carbon location, type of bond etc how do you make maltose
alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond
word equation for three disaccharides
glucose + glucose –> maltose
glucose + galactose –> lactose
glucose + fructose –> sucrose
(all alpha glucose)
why are alpha and beta glucose structural isomers?
they have the same chemical formula but different chemical structures.
describe the difference in chemical structure between alpha and beta glucose
on beta glucose, the hydrogen and hydroxyl are inverted on carbon 1.
what is the chemical structure of beta glucose
The hydroxyl group is on the top right side.
what is the chemical structure of alpha glucose
The hydroxyl group is on the bottom right side
chemical formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
name all the polysaccharides
glycogen
cellulose
amylopectin
starch
name all the disaccharides
lactose
maltose
sucrose
Name all the monosaccharides
glucose
fructose
galactose
function and structure Carbohydrates
primary source of energy
used to build body structures
contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
define Saccharides
molecule containing sugar.
monosaccharide (simple sugar)
disaccharide (two sugars)
polysaccharide (multiple sugars)
