UNIT 11 HUMAN SECURITY*

Question 1

11.2 Defining Human Security: UNDP Definition
11.2.1 Security as a State/National Concept
11.2.2 Shift to ‘People-centred’ Concept
4) Explain the concept of human security as described in the 1994 Human
Development Report.

Answer 1

The provided text discusses the concept of human security as outlined in the UNDP’s 1994 Human Development Report, and its evolution over time.

Key points from the text:

1. Human Security Definition: The UNDP’s 1994 report broadens global security to include seven key areas of threat:

Political Security: Protection of human rights and freedom from repression, torture, and violations by the state.

Economic Security: Assurance of basic income and employment opportunities, particularly in developing countries.

Health Security: Protection from diseases, malnutrition, and inadequate healthcare, especially in poorer regions.

Food Security: Ensuring physical and economic access to sufficient food for all people.

Environmental Security: Protection from environmental degradation, pollution, and natural disasters.

Individual and Community Security: Protection from violence, crime, and ethnic or social conflicts, particularly for marginalized groups.

2. “Freedom from Fear” vs. “Freedom from Want”: These two frameworks focus on different aspects of human security:

Freedom from Fear: Concentrates on protecting individuals from violent conflict, emphasizing peace-building and conflict resolution.

Freedom from Want: Advocates for a holistic approach to human security, addressing issues like hunger, disease, and natural disasters, which claim more lives than wars.

3. State/National Security vs. Human Security: Traditional security focused on territorial sovereignty and state protection from external threats. The shift towards human security, especially after World War II, highlighted the need to protect people’s rights and well-being, not just national borders. This shift culminated in the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and other international agreements like the Vienna Declaration (1993), which affirmed the responsibility of governments to protect human rights.
4. Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms: President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s 1941 vision of “four essential freedoms” laid the groundwork for the modern understanding of human security:

Freedom of speech and expression.

Freedom to worship.

Freedom from want (economic security).

Freedom from fear (protection from aggression and war).

This framework represents a more inclusive, people-centered approach to security that has shaped global human rights and development policies since the mid-20th century.

Question 2

11.2.2 Shift to ‘People-centered’ Concept

Answer 2

Pointer Summary (Keywords)

Human Security: Post-war losses; shift from state to people-centric security.

UN Universal Declaration: Adopted 1948; rights safeguarding.

Vienna Declaration 1993: Global reaffirmation; human rights.

Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms: Speech, worship, want, fear.

Post-War Impact: Enhanced focus on rights, cooperation, and security.

Mnemonics

H.U.V.R.P.: Human security, UN declaration, Vienna affirmation, Roosevelt freedoms, Post-war impact.

500-Word Answer

Introduction

The early 20th century wars exposed the limitations of state-centric security models.

Human security gained global attention, emphasizing the protection of individuals.

Key milestones included the UN Universal Declaration (1948) and the Vienna Declaration (1993).

Body

1. Shift to Human-Centered Security

Frequent wars in the early 20th century highlighted the devastating human and national losses.

Post-WWII conferences emphasized the inadequacy of sovereignty-based security.

The focus shifted to protecting individuals’ rights and ensuring collective well-being.

2. Adoption of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights (1948)

UN General Assembly underscored global responsibility to safeguard human rights.

Called for universal recognition, teaching, and implementation of these rights.

Marked a turning point in embedding rights into global frameworks.

3. Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action (1993)

Reaffirmed state obligations to protect universal human rights and fundamental freedoms.

Advocated enhanced international cooperation for the full realization of UN goals.

Declared that human rights are birthrights, making their protection a primary governmental duty.

4. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms (1941)

Proposed during WWII to envision a just world.

Freedom of Speech: Ensuring free expression globally.

Freedom of Worship: Respecting religious practices worldwide.

Freedom from Want: Economic stability for a peaceful life.

Freedom from Fear: Global arms reduction to prevent aggression.

Roosevelt stressed the urgency of achieving these freedoms within the current generation.

5. Post-War Impact on Human Rights

World wars catalyzed the development of human-centric security and rights protection.

Human rights discussions remain central to international peace and cooperation.

Promoted international collaboration to create safer and better societies.

Conclusion

The world wars reshaped global priorities, placing human security and rights at the forefront.

Initiatives like the Universal Declaration, Vienna Declaration, and Four Freedoms embody the commitment to a just and secure world.

Continuous efforts are essential to uphold these ideals and ensure universal human dignity.

By using the H.U.V.R.P. framework, this answer organizes the evolution and milestones of human-centric security effectively.

Question 3

11.3 Human Security, Human Rights and Human Development
11.3.1 Modern Concept of Human Security
1) Briefly describe the relationship between human security, human rights and
human development.

Answer 3

Pointer Summary (Keywords)

Human Security: People-centered; evolved from human rights and development.

Development Integration: Social, cultural, political, economic, environmental.

Modern Security: Shift from military to holistic safety; UNDP HDR 1994 insights.

HDR 1994 Points: Sustainable development, conflict management, safeguards.

Sabina Alkire: Multi-dimensional focus on poverty, violence, fulfillment.

Mnemonics

H.D.M.H.S.: Human security, Development integration, Modern security, HDR insights, Sabina’s focus.

500-Word Answer

Introduction

Human security evolved as a broader concept from traditional security models.

The integration of human rights, development, and security underscores people-centered approaches.

Landmark milestones like the UNDP HDR 1994 redefined security to include poverty, socio-economic disparities, and global insecurities.

Body

1. Evolution of Human Security

Rooted in discussions on human rights and the need for safeguarding individuals irrespective of social or economic status.

Expanded to human development, addressing holistic well-being: social, cultural, political, economic, and environmental factors.

Rise of international and financial institutions advocating human rights through global initiatives.

2. Integration of Development and Security

Development transcends economic growth, encompassing social welfare and cultural inclusivity.

Policies evolved to safeguard marginalized groups: the poor, disabled, laborers, and disaster-affected populations.

Focus on holistic approaches in planning, rehabilitation, and promoting balanced development.

3. Modern Concept of Security

Traditional security prioritized military strength and territorial defense.

Post-Cold War period: Shift to people-centered security addressing non-military threats.

UNDP HDR 1994 redefined security to include:

Sustainable development ensuring perpetual safety.

Conflict resolution confined to disputing parties.

Addressing socio-economic disparities.

Safeguards in income, health, environmental, and crime prevention domains.

4. Insights from Sabina Alkire

Multidimensional approach: Combines poverty alleviation and violence reduction.

Human security focuses on cultural, social, and pervasive threats.

Advocates governance, capacity building, and long-term human fulfillment.

5. Broader Applications of Human Security

Institutionalized protection against conflicts, diseases, and other critical threats.

People-centered focus ensures inclusivity regardless of age, religion, gender, or nationality.

Emphasizes global cooperation: individuals and communities living in collective peace.

Conclusion

Human security represents a paradigm shift from state-centric to people-centric approaches, emphasizing protection, development, and inclusion.

The HDR 1994 and experts like Sabina Alkire highlight the importance of merging human rights, development, and security into holistic policies.

Sustained efforts are essential for global stability, addressing poverty, violence, and ensuring long-term well-being.

By utilizing the H.D.M.H.S. framework, this comprehensive answer provides clarity on the interconnections between human security, development, and rights.

Question 4

11.3.1 Modern Concept of Human Security

Answer 4

Pointer Summary (Keywords)

Traditional Security: Territorial defense; Cold War influence.

Human-Centered Shift: Focus on development, rights, and welfare.

HDR 1994: Sustainable development; non-military security.

Sabina Alkire: Multi-dimensional threats; people-focused fulfillment.

Key Aspects: Income, health, environment, conflict resolution, governance.

Mnemonics

T.H.H.S.K.: Traditional security, Human-centered shift, HDR insights, Sabina’s perspective, Key aspects.

500-Word Answer

Introduction

Security historically referred to territorial defense against external threats.

The Cold War (1940s–1990s) shifted the global security paradigm, emphasizing development and human rights.

The emergence of human security prioritized people-centered safety beyond traditional military concerns.

Body

1. Transition from Traditional to Human-Centered Security

Traditional security focused on protecting territorial boundaries.

Cold War politics caused global insecurity through bloc alignments.

Post-Cold War: Development issues took precedence, highlighting neglected socio-economic aspects.

2. Integration of Human Rights and Development

Security expanded to include the marginalized: poor, disabled, and vulnerable groups.

Policies shifted toward welfare measures to ensure stability and inclusivity.

A multidisciplinary approach emerged, integrating development, economics, and human rights.

3. UNDP’s Human Development Report (HDR 1994)

Sustainable Human Development: Ensures ongoing safety for all.

Conflict Containment: Encourages localized dispute resolution.

Addresses socio-economic disparities and deprivation as core security issues.

Emphasizes safeguards in income, health, environment, and crime prevention.

Advocates development-driven security over military solutions.

4. Sabina Alkire’s Perspective

Human security aims to protect against poverty, violence, and pervasive threats.

Emphasizes its people-centered and multi-dimensional nature.

Advocates translating these principles into actionable policies for long-term human fulfillment.

5. Elaborating Human Security’s Core Concepts

Institutionalized Protection: Safeguards against violent conflicts, diseases, and basic insecurities.

People-Centered Approach: Security inclusive of all demographics, irrespective of religion, gender, or nationality.

Threat Spectrum: From daily insecurities to critical threats affecting fundamental human functions.

Human Fulfillment: Achieved through governance, capacity building, and participative frameworks.

Global Applicability: Encourages peace and security within communities and across regions.

Conclusion

The modern concept of human security broadens the definition of safety by integrating rights, development, and welfare.

The HDR 1994 and thinkers like Sabina Alkire redefined security to be inclusive, sustainable, and development-oriented.

Human security remains vital for global peace and long-term human prosperity, transcending traditional territorial concerns.

Using the T.H.H.S.K. framework, this structured response highlights the evolution and multidimensional aspects of human security.

Question 5

11.4 VARIED DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN SECURITY

Answer 5

Pointer Summary (Keywords)

Collective Issue: Beyond territorial security; global focus.

Interlinked Dimensions: Economic, health, crime interdependencies.

People-Centered: Individual and community well-being.

Proactive Approach: Early identification and prevention.

All-Encompassing: Includes nations, cultures, and socio-economic issues.

Mnemonics

C.I.P.P.A.: Collective issue, Interlinked dimensions, People-centered, Proactive approach, All-encompassing.

500-Word Answer

Introduction

Human security extends beyond traditional territorial concerns to address comprehensive quality of life.

It aims for sustainable well-being through proactive and inclusive approaches, integrating economic, social, and cultural dimensions.

Body

1. Collective Issue

Definition: Security is no longer confined to borders or military protection.

Includes diverse aspects like economic stability, cultural preservation, and quality of life.

Strives for global human welfare, emphasizing interdependence among nations and communities.

2. Interlinked Dimensions

Economic and Crime Nexus: Financial instability fosters criminal activities.

Health and Malnutrition: Undernourishment leads to long-term societal challenges.

Highlights the interconnected nature of security threats requiring holistic solutions.

3. People-Centered Focus

Prioritizes the well-being of individuals and communities over state-centric goals.

Enhances awareness about threats and formulates solutions ensuring a safe, secure existence.

Encourages participative governance and community-driven security measures.

4. Proactive Approach

Focuses on early identification of vulnerabilities, such as regions prone to conflict or disasters.

Preventive measures mitigate further damage, ensuring long-term stability.

For instance, addressing potential health crises through vaccination campaigns or food security initiatives.

5. All-Encompassing Scope

Applicable to all nations, regardless of development status or wealth disparities.

Tackles diverse issues:

Sustaining cultural heritage in vulnerable communities.

Combating modern crimes like human trafficking.

Emphasizes collaborative interventions for a secure life globally.

Conclusion

Human security encompasses a broad spectrum of interrelated concerns beyond traditional defense mechanisms.

Its collective, proactive, and all-encompassing approach ensures inclusivity and resilience.

By integrating economic, health, and cultural dimensions, human security fosters sustainable peace and prosperity worldwide.

This framework (C.I.P.P.A.) underscores the diverse facets of human security and its relevance to modern global challenges.

Question 6

11.5 HUMAN SECURITY AND TRADITIONAL
SECURITY
1) Describe the difference between human security and traditional security.

Answer 6

Pointer Summary (Keywords)

Traditional Security: National territory, sovereignty, physical boundaries.

Human Security: Individual, collective, economic, social issues.

Focus Difference: State-oriented vs people-oriented.

Threats: External aggression vs environmental, health, crime.

Actors: Government vs individuals, NGOs, global bodies.

Interdependence: Mutual need for state stability and human welfare.

Mnemonics

T.H.F.T.A.I.: Traditional security, Human security, Focus difference, Threats, Actors, Interdependence.

500-Word Answer

Introduction

Traditional security and human security are essential frameworks for understanding global safety and well-being.

Both aim to protect individuals, but their focus, scope, and methods differ significantly while remaining interdependent.

Body

1. Traditional Security

Focuses on safeguarding national territory and ensuring state sovereignty.

Primarily state-oriented, with governments as the central actor.

Addresses external threats, such as military aggression or foreign intervention.

2. Human Security

Broader scope, encompassing individual and collective security beyond territorial concerns.

Covers diverse aspects like economic stability, environmental protection, health care, and crime prevention.

Includes participation from NGOs, international organizations, and local communities.

3. Differences in Focus

Traditional Security: Protects state boundaries and maintains territorial integrity.

Human Security: Prioritizes the well-being of people, ensuring economic and social security.

4. Threat Comparison

Traditional Security: Primarily external threats, e.g., war, invasion, terrorism.

Human Security: Internal or non-traditional threats, e.g., pollution, diseases, crimes, and environmental degradation.

5. Role of Actors

Traditional Security: State-exclusive domain, requiring military and diplomatic interventions.

Human Security: Collaborative efforts from individuals, NGOs, governments, and global bodies.

6. Interdependence

Traditional Security ensures stability, enabling states to focus on human security goals.

Human Security complements traditional security by addressing root causes of instability, such as poverty and inequality.

Both frameworks argue for a comprehensive system where the state and people coexist in harmony.

Conclusion

While traditional security emphasizes state sovereignty, human security broadens the perspective to individual and societal welfare.

Both paradigms are interdependent, requiring collaborative efforts to address threats comprehensively.

A strong state system and inclusive human welfare are key to achieving long-term global peace and stability.

This dual approach, as summarized by T.H.F.T.A.I., highlights the importance of balancing state-oriented and people-centric security measures.