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Unit 11 Evolution Review Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution

A

The process of living organisms changing due to environmental conditions.

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2
Q

What structures do all cells have including prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

DNA, Ribosomes, Cell Membrane

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3
Q

Describe 2 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes:

A
  • Prokaryotes: No organelles, DNA short/circle; perform binary fission
  • Eukaryotes: Organelles like mitochondria and nucleus, long DNA, perform mitosis
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4
Q

In Earth’s early atmosphere, most abundant gases were:

A

CO2, methane, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen.

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5
Q

What gas was missing from the early atmosphere?

A

Oxygen

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6
Q

In Earth’s current atmosphere, major gases today are:

A

Oxygen and nitrogen.

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7
Q

Where did oxygen come from?

A

Photosynthesizing prokaryotes called cyanobacteria.

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8
Q

The first cells on earth were most likely:

A

Prokaryotes (simple cells) and Anaerobic (no oxygen needed)

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9
Q

Cells alive today that most closely resemble the cells of early earth?

A

Archaea which are prokaryotes that are extremophiles.

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10
Q

Describe spontaneous generation:

A

The idea that life arises from non-life.

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11
Q

Describe the theory of biogenesis:

A

States that living organisms can produce other living organisms

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12
Q

How did Redi and Pasteur’s experiment contribute to the current scientific understanding of how life on Earth began?

A

Both were trying to disprove the spontaneous generation idea.

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13
Q

Describe the primordial soup model: What conditions are necessary for organic molecules (macromolecules) to form?

A
  • Gas from volcanoes + water + energy source (lighting) = small organic molecules
  • Example: amino acids and nucleic acids
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14
Q

How do most scientists believe the first cells came to be?

A

Simple organic molecules, macromolecules, polymer complex, metabolic network, and cells

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15
Q

Scientists believe the first molecules to form were:

A

Simple organic molecules like amino acids.

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16
Q

What did Miller and Urey try to recreate in their experiment:

A

The soup model

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17
Q

Why did Miller use Ammonia, Methane, and Hydrogen in his experiment?

A

Because scientists believe those were the gases that were in the air early Earth. Gases came from volcanoes.

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18
Q

What were the results of the Miller-Urey Experiment?

A

Miller-Urey showed that simple organic molecules like amino acids could be made in the lab.

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19
Q

Why is it important for other scientists to continue testing hypotheses even though the Miller Urey experiment showed the formation of amino acids?

A

A valid experiment should be able to become replicated multiple times.

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20
Q

Describe what the endosymbiosis theory is:

A

The idea that a large prokaryote merged with some smaller prokaryotes and they formed a eukaryote.

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21
Q

Name 4 pieces of evidence that support the endosymbiosis theory:

A
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts both have their own DNA and ribosomes; same size/shape as prokaryotes
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts have 2 membranes
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts do binary fission like prokaryotes (dive)
    The inside of chloroplasts is similar to the inside of Cyanobacteria which is a prokaryote
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22
Q

What is the Endosymbiosis Theory? Select all that are true.

A
  • The mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells were once bacteria that were ingested by a larger bacteria.
  • This theory explains the origin of eukaryotic cells.
  • According to this theory, more complex life today could have originated from simple single cells.
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23
Q

What is the theory of Spontaneous Generation?

A

The hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from non living matter.

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24
Q

What did Francisco Redi’s experiment conclude?

A

Life can only form from other living things.

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25
Q

What did Pasteur’s experiment conclude?

A

Life can only form from other living things.

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26
Q

Why were Oparin and Darwin’s ideas about the Origins of Life not immediately considered to be part of a scientific theory about the origins of life on Earth?

A

They could not be considered legitimate scientific hypothesis because no one could figure out how to test or observe them.

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27
Q

Why did Miller use Ammonia, Methane, and Hydrogen in his experiment?

A

They knew these molecules could form organic compounds.

28
Q

Which of the following is NOT evidence for the endosymbiosis theory?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce by mitosis

29
Q

Scientists think that only one early cell (or group of cells) eventually gave rise to all subsequent life on Earth. That one cell is called the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA). If that is true, what is true about all domains of life?

A

All domains of life have that one cell as a common ancestor.

30
Q

Scientists hypothesized that the first life forms were prokaryotic. Which of the following provides evidence for this statement?

A

Prokaryotes are simple organisms.

31
Q

The first cells were probably heterotrophs that used the chemicals in their surrounding for energy. As they grew and reproduced, their numbers increased, As their numbers increased, the amount of chemical available to them decreased. At some point some of the cells may have developed the ability to make their own food. As they made their own food, they produced oxygen as a waste product. Oxygen accumulated in Earth’s atmosphere and over hundreds of millions of years the amount of oxygen increased to its current level. What conclusion can be made about the change in the atmosphere and the organisms on Earth?

A

Oxygen levels increased allowing for the survival of aerobic organisms.

32
Q

Describe the conditions needed for evolution to take place:

A

Species with the best traits survive in an environment. As the environment changes new traits may be most suitable and then those get passed on.

33
Q

What evidence is there to support evolution?

A

Fossil record, comparing anatomy (bone/physical), comparing embryos (fetus), comparing biochemistry (DNA/amino acids), and biogeography (location/ where they lived)

34
Q

How do fossils support the theory of evolution?

A
  • Fossils show how current species compare to old ones.
  • They show how some species have not changed in a long time.
35
Q

What is the law of superposition?

A

Older fossils are deeper in the ground

36
Q

What is a derived trait?

A

Traits that are newer and not found in as many organisms (feathers).

37
Q

What is an ancestral trait?

A

Traits that are older and found in most organisms (vertebrae).

38
Q

Ancestral vs Derived

A
  • Ancestral:
    Trait of the ancestor
    Older model
    Often less complex
  • Derived:
    Trait that is present in the organism, but not in the common ancestor (of the group being considered).
    New and improved model
    Not always more complex, but usually
    (Example: tape worms lost their digestive track)
39
Q

Describe how biogeography supports the theory of evolution:

A
  • Looking at how organisms are distributed throughout the world.
  • Supports the idea of Pangea and how some groups evolved before Pangea broke up
40
Q

What is comparative anatomy?

A

Examines the similarities and structures of different organisms and their ancestors.

41
Q

Describe what homologous structures are and give an example in picture form:

A
  • Homologous structures have the SAME ancestor.
  • They have different functions but structurally are the same.
42
Q

Describe what analogous structures are and give an example in picture form:

A
  • NOT THE SAME ancestor.
  • They have the same function but are structurally different
  • For example: wings
43
Q

Describe what vestigial structures are and give an example in picture form:

A
  • Structures that are useful in some organisms but no longer serve a purpose of others.
  • For example: wisdom teeth in humans, pelvic bone in snakes, wings on kiwi birds.
44
Q

Describe how comparative embryology supports evolution:

A
  • Comparing the embryos of organisms with bones
  • Embryos-baby before its born
  • All organisms with bones start off the same in development of fetus
45
Q

Why is DNA considered the universal code:

A
  • All living things have DNA made up of the same bases CGTA
46
Q

Describe how biochemistry supports the theory of evolution:

A

We can use amino acids and DNA to compare how closely related organisms are.

47
Q

What is natural selection:

A

The process by which organisms in nature with variations most suited to their local environment survive and leave more offspring (survival of the fittest)

48
Q

What are the 4 principles of natural selection:

A
  • Non random mating
  • Variations
  • Overproduction
  • Struggle to survive
49
Q

Artificial selection:

A

Breeding of plants and animals to produce desirable traits. Organisms with the desired traits are artificially mated or cross pollinated with organisms with similar desired traits.

50
Q

Adaption

A

Any heritable trait that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in an environment. Adaptions can be structural/functional or behavioral.

51
Q

Fitness

A

A measure of the relative contribution an individual trait makes to the next generation. It often is measured as the number of reproductively viable offspring that an organism produces on the next generation.

52
Q

Gene Pool

A

All of the genes present in a population including all the alleles for each gene.

53
Q

Describe what an allele frequency is:

A

The number of alleles in a gene pool and how often they show up.

54
Q

How do mutations contribute to genetic diversity?

A

They increase genetic diversity.

55
Q

Can organisms choose their mutations/adaptions?

A

No they are random.

56
Q

What can increase the variety of traits in a population?

A

Mutations, Sex/genetic recombination, crossing over, gene flow, and non random mating.

57
Q

Gene flow

A

The transfer of genetic material from one population to another

58
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Reduces variety in a population. It is a change in the allele frequencies in a population that is due to chance.

59
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Occurs when a population declines to a very low number and then rebounds

60
Q

Founder effect

A

Occurs when a new colony is started by a few members of the original population. This small population size means that the colony may have: less variety and non random mating

61
Q

Which of the following demonstrates how adaptations in a species change over time?

A

The environment changes from green grass to dried desert causing tan lizards to have the advantage over green lizards

62
Q

The different species of Hawaiian honeycreepers shown all descended from a single species of North American bird. They now have different beaks, eat different foods, sing different songs, and live in different environments on the islands. Which factor probably contributed most to the development of these different species?

A

Number of predators

63
Q

In each generation, the wings of experimental fruit flies were clipped short for fifty generations. The fifty-first generation emerged with normal-length wings. This observation would support which principle of natural selection?

A

Favorable traits must be able to be inherited

64
Q

Vegetation on Hood Island is sparse and sometimes hard to reach. How might the vegetation have affected the evolution of the Hood Island tortoise shown in Figure l5-3?

A

Ancestral tortoises with long necks and shells that permitted greater neck movement obtained food more easily, survived and produced more offspring than other tortoises

65
Q

A large population of cockroaches was sprayed with an insecticide. A few of the cockroaches survived and produced a population of cockroaches that was resistant to this spray. What can best be inferred from this example?

A

Individuals with favorable variations survive and reproduce

66
Q

A virus killed most of the seals in the North Sea (e.g. dropped the population from 8000 to 800). In an effort to help preserve the species, scientists caught 20 of the remaining seals and used them to start a new population in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Which of the following statements would accurately describe the new population?

A

The new seal population is genetically less diverse than the original population

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