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Unit 10 Genetics Review Flashcards

1
Q

Dominant

A

A trait that will appear in the offspring one of the parents contributes it is known as a dominant trait. Only need 1 parent to give that trait for the baby to have it.

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2
Q

Recessive

A

A trait that will appear in the offspring only if both parents contribute it. Both parents must give this trait to the baby to have it.

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3
Q

Genes

A

Sections of DNA that code for specific traits such as eye color, hair color, etc.

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4
Q

Alleles

A

Different versions of that same gene

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5
Q

P generation

A

The parent generation (P); it’s the first cross between organisms

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6
Q

F1 generation

A

A cross between the offspring of the P generation (second generation)

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7
Q

F2 generation

A

A cross between the offspring of the F1 generation (third generation)

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8
Q

If a person is a carrier for a disease what does that mean: Means that the person has…

A

Heterozygous traits (One uppercase letter and one lowercase letter)

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9
Q

How does a person get a disease that is recessive?

A

They need both parents to give them the trait; Two lower case letters (rr)

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10
Q

Examples of recessive disorders include:

A

Albinism

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11
Q

How does a person get a dominant disorder?

A

They need one parent to give them the trait, One uppercase letter and one lowercase letter, or two uppercase letters

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12
Q

Examples of dominant disorders include:

A

Huntington’s disease

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13
Q

Genotype

A

The genes a person carries. An organism’s allele pairs are called its genotype.

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14
Q

Examples of genotypes include:

A

RR, rr, Bb, Aa, CC

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15
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical appearance of the person

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16
Q

Examples of phenotypes include:

A

Green eyes, tall, brown hair, curly hair, etc.

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17
Q

Homozygous

A

An organism with two of the same alleles for a particular trait is called homozygous

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18
Q

Examples of homozygous traits include:

A

AA, CC, HH, RR

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19
Q

Heterozygous

A

An organism with two different alleles for a particular trait is heterozygous

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20
Q

Examples of heterozygous traits include:

A

Aa, Cc, Hh, Rr

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21
Q

Law of independent assortment states:

A

Genes for different traits are sorted separately from one another so that the inheritance of one trait is not dependent on the inheritance of another. This happens in meiosis 1.

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22
Q

Example of independent assortment:

A

Just because you got eye shape from your mother doesn’t mean you will get her eye color or hair color

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23
Q

Law of segregation states:

A

Each inherited trait is defined by a gene pair. Parental genes are randomly separated to the sex cells so that sex cells contain only one gene of the pair. Offspring therefore inherit one genetic allele from each parent when sex cells unite in fertilization.

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24
Q

Example of segregation:

A

Chromosomes are divided so that each sperm and egg gets one of each of the 23 chromosomes.

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25
Law of dominance states:
When parents with pure, contrasting traits are crossed together, only one form of trait appears in the next generation. The hybrid offsprings will exhibit only the dominant trait in the phenotype. This is known as the first law of inheritance.
26
Example of dominance:
When pea plants with round seeds (RR) are crossed with plants with wrinkled seeds (rr), all seeds in F1 generation were found to be round (Rr).
27
Autosomal
Gene located on one of the numbered, non-sex chromosomes
28
Complete Dominance
In the heterozygous pair, the dominant allele will completely mask the effect of the recessive allele, resulting in the appearance of only the dominant phenotype.
29
Incomplete Dominance
In the heterozygous pair, both alleles for the same trait are expressed, resulting in a third phenotype. Incomplete dominance has 3 different phenotypes.
30
Sex-linked traits
Traits that are influenced by genes carried on the sex chromosomes.
31
Dihybrid Cross
A cross between two individuals with two observed traits that are controlled by two distinct genes.
32
Polygenic Traits
One trait that is controlled by two or more genes.
33
Multiple Alleles
Three or more alternative forms of a gene that influence the same trait.
34
Pedigree
The record of descent of an animal, showing it to be purebred.
35
What elements make up Carbohydrates?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1 to 2 to 1 ratio.
36
What is the monomer of Carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
37
What are the functions of Carbohydrates?
Immediate energy, cell identification, and is produced in plants and broken down in the mitochondria.
38
Examples of Carbohydrates include:
Starch, cellulose, glucose, and fructose.
39
What elements make up Lipids?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in long chain form
40
What is the monomer of Lipids?
Glycerol and Fatty Acids
41
What are the functions of Lipids?
Long term energy, phospholipids make up the cell membrane, and are hydrophobic and non-polar. Remember: Water and Oil DO NOT go together.
42
Examples of Lipids include:
Hormones, steroids, fats, wax, and cholesterol.
43
What elements make up Proteins?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
44
What is the monomer of Proteins?
Amino Acids
45
What are the functions of Proteins?
Speed up reactions, transport through the cell membrane, and made in the ribosomes.
46
Examples of Proteins include:
Enzymes, ion channel, and carrier proteins
47
What elements make up Nucleic Acids?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus
48
What is the monomer of Nucleic Acids?
Nucleotides which are made up of 3 things: phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogen base.
49
What is the function of Nucleic Acids?
Stores genetic material
50
Examples of Nucleic Acids include:
DNA and RNA
51
Passive Transport
A movement of molecules across the cell membrane without using energy
52
Passive Transport requires
NO energy
53
In Passive Transport
Molecules move down the concentration gradient
54
What are the 3 types of passive transport?
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis
55
Diffusion
A movement of particles from an area where there are many particles (high concentration) to an area where there are fewer particles (low concentration).
56
Facilitated Diffusion
Uses transport proteins to move small molecules across the membrane. There are two types of proteins that aid in facilitated diffusion: ion channels and carrier proteins.
57
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across the cell membrane is called osmosis.
58
What are the 3 types of osmosis?
Hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic
59
Hypertonic
Water diffuses INTO the cell causing it to swell and possibly rupture.
60
Hypotonic
Water diffuses OUT of the cell causing the cell to shrink
61
Isotonic
The cell is at equilibrium and there is no net movement of water; meaning that water enters and leaves the cell at the same rate.
62
Active Transport
The movement of molecules across a cell membrane using ATP energy
63
In Active Transport
Molecules move from low concentration to high concentration, assisted by proteins or vesicles
64
Active Transport requires
Energy in the form of ATP
65
In Active Transport, molecules move
AGAINST the gradient
66
What are the 3 types of active transport?
Sodium potassium pump, endocytosis, and exocytosis
67
In Passive Transport, molecules move
DOWN the gradient

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