Unit 11 Chronic Respiratory Terminology Flashcards
Adventitious
coming from an unusual place. ex: abnormal auscultatory sounds heard over the lung, such as rales, rhonchi, or abnormal resonance.
Alpha-1, antitrypsin
a trypsin-inhibiting serum protein which inhibits the digestive action of elastase on the tissues of the lungs and whose deficiency is associated with the development of emphysema
Alveoli
Small air sacs or cavities in the lung that give the tissue a honeycomb appearance and expand its surface area for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Apnea
Temporary absence or cessation of breathing
Asthma
a chronic lung disorder that is marked by recurring episodes of airway obstruction (as from bronchospasm) manifested by labored breathing accompanied especially by wheezing and coughing and by a sense of constriction in the chest, and that is triggered by hyperreactivity to various stimuli
Atelectasis
collapse of the expanded lung
Auscultation
listening to sounds arising within organs (as the lungs or heart) as an aid to diagnosis and treatment
Bradypnea
slow breathing
Bronchial
relating to or involving the tubes that carry air into the lungs
Bronchitis
acute or chronic inflammation of the membrane lining of the bronchial tubes, caused by respiratory infection or exposure to bronchial irritants, as cigarette smoke.
Bronchodilator
any drug or other agent that causes dilation of the bronchial tubes by relaxing bronchial muscle: used, esp in the form of aerosol sprays, for the relief of asthma
Bronchoscopy
Bronchoscopy is a procedure in which a cylindrical fiberoptic scope is inserted into the airways. This scope contains a viewing device that allows the visual examination of the lower airways
Bronchovesicular
Combined bronchial and vesicular respiration
C&S
Culture & Sensitivity
Sputum is material coughed up from the lungs and expectorated (spit out) through the mouth. A sputum culture is done to find and identify the microorganism causing an infection of the lower respiratory tract such as pneumonia (an infection of the lung).
Chest Physiotherapy
defined as assisting the patient to move airway secretions from peripheral airways to more central airways for expectorating and/or suctioning.
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
cyclic breathing marked by a gradual increase in the rapidity of respiration followed by a gradual decrease and total cessation for from 5 to 50 seconds and found especially in advanced kidney and heart disease, asthma, and increased intracranial pressure
Cilia
Tiny, hair-like projections from a cell. In the respiratory tract, cilia beat constantly in order to move mucus and debris up and out of the respiratory tree, in order to protect the lung from infection or irritation by foreign bodies.
Clubbing
an abnormal enlargement of the distal phalanges with a flattening of the curvature of the nail margin at the cuticle, where the nail meets the cuticle. It usually is associated with cyanotic heart disease or advanced chronic pulmonary disease but sometimes occurs with biliary cirrhosis, colitis, chronic dysentery, thyrotoxicosis, and sickle cell anemia. Clubbing occurs in all the digits but is most easily seen in the fingers.
Compliance
a measure of the ease of expansion of the lungs and thorax, determined by pulmonary volume and elasticity. A high degree of compliance indicates a loss of elastic recoil of the lungs, as in old age or emphysema. Decreased compliance means that a greater change in pressure is needed for a given change in volume, as in atelectasis, edema, fibrosis, pneumonia, or absence of surfactant. Dyspnea on exertion is the main symptom of diminished lung compliance.
Crackles (rales)
an abnormal crackling or rattling sound heard upon auscultation of the chest, caused by disease or congestion of the lungs.
Cyanosis
Cyanosis is a physical sign causing bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes. Cyanosis is caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood. Cyanosis is associated with cold temperatures, heart failure, lung diseases, and smothering
Diaphragmatic breathing
a type of breathing exercise that patients are taught to promote more effective aeration of the lungs, consisting of moving the diaphragm downward during inhalation and upward with exhalation
Diffusion
A procedure for maintaining oxygenation of the blood during apnea by intratracheal insufflation of oxygen at high flow rates.
Dyspnea
difficult or labored respiration
Emphysema
a chronic, irreversible disease of the lungs characterized by abnormal enlargement of air spaces in the lungs accompanied by destruction of the tissue lining the walls of the air spaces.
FEV1 - Forced expiratory volume
The maximum amount of air expired in one second
FiO2 - Fraction of inspired oxygen
is the fraction or percentage of oxygen in the space being measured
Friction rub
friction (grating) sound heard by a stethoscope during inspiration and expiration in patients with pleuritis, due to the rubbing of the visceral and parietal pleurae
Hemoptysis
expectoration of blood from some part of the respiratory tract
Humidification
the process of increasing the relative humidity of the atmosphere around a patient through the use of aerosol generators or steam inhalers that exert an antitussive effect. Humidification acts by decreasing the viscosity of bronchial secretions, whereas added medications or sodium chloride may stimulate coughing by an irritant effect
Hypercapnia
An increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood
Hyperpnea
Abnormally deep and rapid breathing
Hyperventilation
a condition characterized by abnormally prolonged and rapid breathing, resulting in decreased carbon dioxide levels and increased oxygen levels that produce faintness, tingling of the fingers and toes, and, if continued, alkalosis and loss of consciousness.
Hypoventilation
Reduced or deficient ventilation of the lungs, resulting in reduced aeration of blood in the lungs and an increased level of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Hypoxia
reduction of oxygen supply to a tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood
Incentive spirometer
A breathing device that provides feedback on performance to encourage deep breathing.
Kussmaul respirations
Deep, rapid respiration characteristic of diabetic acidosis or other conditions causing acidosis.
Nasal cannula
a device for delivering oxygen by way of two small tubes that are inserted into the nares
Nebulizer
A device used to reduce liquid to an extremely fine cloud, especially for delivering medication to the deep part of the respiratory tract
Orthopnea
difficult or painful breathing except in an erect sitting or standing position.
Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
a graphic curve representing the normal variation in the amount of oxygen that combines with hemoglobin as a function of the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The curve is said to shift to the right when less than a normal amount of oxygen is taken up by the blood at a given Po2, and to shift to the left when more than a normal amount is taken up. Factors influencing the shape of the curve include changes in the blood pH, Pco2, and temperature; the presence of carbon monoxide; alterations in the constituents of the erythrocytes; and certain disease states.
Paroxysmal noctural dyspnea (PND)
Acute dyspnea caused by the lung congestion and edema that results from partial heart failure and occurring suddenly at night, usually an hour or two after the individual has fallen asleep
Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)
The maximum flow at the outset of forced expiration, which is reduced in proportion to the severity of airway obstruction, as in asthma.
Pneumothorax
a condition in which air or other gas is present in the pleural cavity and which occurs spontaneously as a result of disease or injury of lung tissue, rupture of air-filled pulmonary cysts, or puncture of the chest wall or is induced as a therapeutic measure to collapse the lung
Postural drainage
therapeutic drainage in bronchiectasis and lung abscess by placing the patient head downward so that the trachea will be inclined below the affected area.
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
Pulmonary function tests are a group of procedures that measure the function of the lungs, revealing problems in the way a patient breathes.
Pulse oximetry (SpO2)
the saturation level of oxygen in hemoglobin; can be determined by noninvasive method of pulse oximetry
Pursed lip breathing
respiration characterized by deep inspirations followed by prolonged expirations through pursed lips. It is done to increase expiratory airway pressure, improve oxygenation of the blood, and help prevent early airway closure
Retractions
the area between the ribs and in the neck sinks in when a person with asthma attempts to inhale. Retractions are a sign someone is working hard to breathe
Tachypnea
increased rate of respiration
Thoracentesis
Also known as pleural fluid analysis, thoracentesis is a procedure that removes fluid or air from the chest through a needle or tube
Tidal Volume
The volume of air inspired or expired in a single breath during regular breathing.
Trendelenburg
the patient is supine on a surface inclined 45 degrees, head at the lower end and legs flexed over the upper end
Ventilation: Perfusion (V/Q)
the ratio of pulmonary alveolar ventilation to pulmonary capillary perfusion, both quantities expressed in the same units
Vesicular breath sounds
the gentle rustling sounds of normal breathing heard by auscultation over most of the lung fields; the inspiratory phase is usually longer than the expiratory.
Vital Capacity
the volume of gas that can be expelled from the lungs from a position of full inspiration, with no limit to duration of inspiration; equal to inspiratory capacity plus expiratory reserve volume
Wheezes
A whistling sound made by the flow of high-velocity air through narrowed airways. Wheezing is a symptom of several respiratory diseases including byssinosis and asthma
Venturi Mask
a respiratory therapy face mask designed to allow inspired air to mix with oxygen, which is supplied through a jet at a fixed concentration
