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Pathology Units 9-11 > Unit 11 > Flashcards

Unit 11 Flashcards

2
Q

Pleural Cavities and Membranes

A

Thorax (chest) -> 2 pleural cavities.Each house has 1 lung.Membranes: Parietal pleura lines pleural cavityVisceral pleura covers each lung.

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3
Q

Upper respiratory system structures

A

-Nose-Mouth-Sinuses: air filled cavities in the bones of the head-Pharynx-Larynx (voice box)

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4
Q

Lower Respiratory System

A

-Trachea-Bronchi-Bronchioles-Alveoli: grape like clusters of air sacs surrounded by blood capillaries

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5
Q

Acute inflammation of the upper respiratory system lesion contain………….

A

Most Common: mucus (catarrhal)Less Common: pus (purulent) dead cells

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6
Q

Diphtheria

A

Acute inflammation of upper respiratory system.Bacterial sore throat with a low grade fever and swollen neck containing pseudo membrane.Contagious disease spread by direct physical contact or breathing.

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7
Q

Rhinitis

A

Inflammation of mucous membrane of the nose; may cause runny nose, watery eyes, stuffy head, sore throat, sneezing, fever

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8
Q

Common Cold

A

AKA -“acute rhinitis”acute inflammation; may lead to sinusitis

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9
Q

Coryza

A

A form of rhinitisAcute inflammation with discharge of mucus; a head cold (viral infection which settles in the mucus membranes of the nose)

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10
Q

Allergic Rhinitis

A

AKA - “hay fever”a form of rhinitisinflammation due to allergies

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11
Q

Sinusitis

A

Inflammation of mucous membrane lining paranasal sinuses (cavities)Caused by infections

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12
Q

Pharyngitis

A

Inflammation of the troatcaused by irritation, smoking, viral or bacterial (strep) infections

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13
Q

Laryngitis

A

Inflammation of larynx & vocal cords-may follow rhinitis, sinusitis, and pharyngitis-caused by mechanical injury or laryngeal cancer

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14
Q

Tonsilitis

A

Inflammation of the tonsils (lymphatic tissue)-usually caused by strep infection

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15
Q

Nasal Polyps

A

Non-cancerous growths on mucus membranes of the noseRestricted (blocked) entrance of air and causes chronic irritation to noseCaused by aerosol decongestants, toxic fumes, cocaine

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16
Q

Laryngeal Polyps

A

Non-cancerous growths on mucus membranes of larynx.-Interferes with speech-Caused by strain on larynx-may predispose laryngeal cancer

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17
Q

Tracheitis

A

Inflammation of the trachea-caused by fumes, dust, allergies-may be associated with bronchitis or laryngitisMajor Complications:-Scar tissue and stenosis-breathing difficulties-risk of pneumonia

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18
Q

Bronchitis

A

Inflammation of mucous membrane lining the bronchi, very common.-caused by smoking, fumes, dust, allergies, pollen, viral(flu)-risk of pneumonia

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19
Q

Chronic Bronchitis……….

A

leads to scar tissue on the walls of bronchi-> less flexible -> resulting in a stagnation of air

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20
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Abnormal destruction and dilation of large airways (bronchi)-Could be congenital or acquired (result of another disorder)-causes Anoxia (anoxemia)-Bleeding in bronchi-long term damage makes bronchis inflexible

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21
Q

Asthma

A

AKA - “Bronchial Asthma”Hyper sensitivity reaction causing constriction of bronchi-Long term effects heart, emphysema-Hereditary or acquired conditionHypersecretion of mucus from branchi -> bronchi can be blocked -> difficulty breathing -> anoxia, cyanosis, pneumonia

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22
Q

Pneumonia

A

AKA - “pneumonitis” (means inflammation)Inflammation of bronchioles or alveoli due to viral or bacterial infectionmost common cause of bacteria Streptococcus pneumona, its an endogenous infection from nasopharynx flora

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23
Q

Pleurisy

A

AKA - “Pleuritis”Pneumona complicationInfection spreads to the membrane around the lung

24
Q

Hydrothorax

A

Pneumonia Complicationmucus in the chest cavity around the lungs

25
Q

Hemothorax

A

Pneumona Complicationblood in the chest cavity around the lungs

26
Q

Empyema

A

Pneumona Complicationpus in the chest cavity around the lungs; caused by ruptured lung or ulcerated lung

27
Q

Lobar Pneumonia

A

Infecting one or more lobes; usually caused by strep.Type of pneumonia

28
Q

Bronchial Pneumonia

A

due to mixed bacterial infections associated with complications of surgery, aspiration, anesthesia, chronic illness, or chronic pulmonary diseaseType of pneumonia

29
Q

Interstitial Pneumonia

A

Inflammation of lung supportive tissue between the air sacsthe process occurs all over and not localidiopathicType of pneumonia

30
Q

Double Pneumonia

A

both lungs are involvedtype of pneumonia

31
Q

Viral Pneumonia

A

Caused by variety of virusesType of pneumonia

32
Q

Tuberculosis is caused by?

A

bacterial infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.-Spread by coughing, sneezing or inhaling-incubation period (7 to 14 days)

33
Q

Tuberculosis Results

A

Scar tissues (granulomatous lesions) form on the lungs in 6 to 9 months->called tubercles / granulomas (dead bacteria, immune cells, lung tissue) = caseous necrosis)->infection survives inside the scar tissue but usually causes no further harm

34
Q

Miliary Tuberculosis

A

Tuberculosis infection at multiple sites throughout the body.- 1 in 1000 cases-Infection may break out of the scar tissue and spreads to spleen, liver, kidneys, brain; usually fatal

35
Q

Pneumoconiosis

A

refers to particles which have been inhaled into the lungs. examples: prolonged inhalation of mineral dustScar tissue ->discoloration -> interference with expansion of the lungs and breathing

36
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapse of alveoli or airless state of part or all of lung.-due to fractured ribs or mucus plaque.-causes inadequate breathing patterns and pain

37
Q

Emphysema definition and process

A

End stage of severe chronic lung diseaseincreased production of mucus causes trapping of air in alveoli leading to over inflation ->destruction of alveoli ->lungs cannot recoil ->barrel chest appearance because of difficulty exhaling air from the lungs

38
Q

Emphysema predisposing factors and results

A

Predisposing:-cigarette smoking-recurring inflammation of lungsResults:-respiratory failure-anoxia, cyanosis-hypertension-hypertrophy of heart, stroke-Scar tissue on lungs and pleural membrane

39
Q

Emphysema -vs- Chronic Bronchitis

A

Emphysema-Less inflammation -More alveolar destructionChronic Bronchitis-more inflammation-less alveolar destruction

40
Q

Pulmonary Abscess

A

Collection of infectious material contained within a capsuleCauses by bacterial pneumonia. aspiration of food or foreign materialCan be a source of septicemia, difficult to treat

41
Q

Lung Fungal Disease

A

Caused by inhaling airborne fungus.-Forms tuberculosis like granulomas-May spread throughout lungs, dyspnea and fever

42
Q

Lung Cancer

A

Leading cause of cancer death in U.S.metastasizes to brain, bone and liver.10% survival rate for 5 years

43
Q

Lung Cancer - Squamous Cell carcinoma

A

Lung Cancer - MALIGNANT new growth made up of epithelial cellsBronchogenic Carcinoma (starts at bronch & spreads to lungs)#1 type of male cancer#2 type of female cancer, but #1 cause of death

44
Q

Respiratory Sarcoma

A

-Found in the soft tissue of lungs-Results in cough and breathlessness-Primary or secondary

45
Q

Cleft (split) Lip

A

One or more abnormal splits in upper lip-related to hereditary factors-repaired surgically

46
Q

Cleft Palate

A

Involves palate or roof of mouth, more common in girls.-Separate or in combination with cleft lip-related to HEREDITARY factors-repaired surgically

47
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

HEREDITARY disorder (autosomal recessive) with defective transport of chloride.Lethal, affects exocrine glands causing secretion of thick mucous that obstruct body passageways (lung and pancreas)

48
Q

Choking

A

Airway obstruction caused by foreign object, respiratory disease, or compression of the airways

49
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A

group of pulmonary diseases characterized by inability to air into/out of lungscaused by smoking, chronic bronchitis and emphysemaresults in high carbon dioxide level in blood

50
Q

Cyanosis

A

bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membrane due to lack of oxygen

51
Q

Emaciation

A

excessive wasting of the body

52
Q

Hydrothorax

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the thoracic cavity

53
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Escape of blood from vascular system

54
Q

Cavitation

A

formation of cavities in an organ or tissue-frequently seen in some factors of tuberculosis

Pathology Units 9-11 (3 decks)

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