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Pathology Units 9-11 > Unit 10 > Flashcards

Unit 10 Flashcards

2
Q

Alimentary Canal

A

Continuous tube running from mouth to the anus

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3
Q

Mouth

A

Food broken down mechanically (teeth and tongue) and chemically (salivary glands)

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4
Q

Pharynx

A

connects mouth to esophagus

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5
Q

Esophagus

A

Muscular contractions move food from pharynx to stomach by peristalsis

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6
Q

Stomach enzymes

A

chemical digestion (pepsin, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor)

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7
Q

Small Intestine

A

Digestion and adsorption- Duodenum: receives bile and pancreatic juices-Jejunum: absorption of nutrients-Ileum: absorption of nutrients

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8
Q

Large Intestine

A

AKA - Colonabsorption of water and electrolytes, and elimination of wastes (feces)-Cecum-Appendix-Colon-Rectum and anus

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9
Q

Salivary Glands

A

Secretes saliva (mucous & enzymes)

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10
Q

Peritoneum

A

Large serous membrane covering the abdominal organs and lining the abdominal wall. (protects and prevents friction)

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11
Q

Liver

A

Produces and releases bile

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12
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces pancreatic juice (enzymes and buffers)

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13
Q

Stomatitis

A

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth.examples:gingivitis, glossitis

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14
Q

Gingivitis

A

Inflammation of the gums, resulting in redness, swelling and bleedingCaused by:-Strep-Dental hygiene-tooth decay-dentures-plaque

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15
Q

Vincents Angina

A

AKA - Trench MouthA form of gingivitis caused by bacterial infection (leptospira) and ulceration of gums; swelling and sloughing of dead tissueUsually in young children and young adults.

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16
Q

Glossitis

A

Inflammation of the tongue, ruslting in tender, painful ulcers and edema.Caused by:-hot food or liquids (most common)-Candida Yeast -> Thrush-Herpes virus, syphilis-Mechanical injury, such as biting of tongue

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17
Q

Parotitis

A

AKA - Epidemic parotitisInflammation of the parotid glands (salivary glands, due to viral (mumps) or bacterial infection

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18
Q

Aphthous Stomatitis

A

AKA - Canker SoresTiny ulcers with red aureola on mucosa of mouth.Caused by :-stomach acid reflux-Viruses, bacteria and stress-iron or vitamin b12 deficiencyHard or sharp food

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19
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Mouth

A

On Lips and Tongue-can metastasize to the GI tract

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20
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma of Mouth

A

The Lips-can metastasize to the GI tract

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21
Q

Giant Cell Tumor of the mouth

A

On the bones of the jaw (Epulus)

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22
Q

Pharyngitis

A

Inflammation of the pharynx.Caused by : -Strep or diphtheria-Viruses-Allergens, pollen, dust-food blockageSymptoms:-Cough congestion, catarrhal lesions (inflammation), crypts of pus (retropharyngeal abscess - the tonsils appear white)

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23
Q

Scarlet Fever

A

STREPTOCOCCUS that is highly contagious, spreads by sneezing, coughing.Symptoms are sore throat and strawberry tongue.Complications can be rheumatic fever (heart) and glomerulonephritis (kidney)

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24
Q

Esophagitis

A

Inflammation of the esophagus; RARECaused by acid reflux, alcohol, food, neoplasm, chemical poisons…..an external pressure such as a HIATAL HERNIA

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25
Q

Chronic Esophagitis

A

Esophagitis -> scar tissue -> blockageesophageal STRICTURE is the same as stenosis

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26
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Esophagus

A

From the mouth, throat or stomach cancer

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27
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach.Caused by:-H. Pylori-Rare infection due to high acid in stomach-Hot and spicy foods, garlic, chemical poisons and alcohol

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28
Q

Stomach Ulcers

A

Circular area of necrosis on the stomach or intestinal lining.Peptic Ulcer - in the stomach (single)Duodenum Ulcer - In the duodenum of the small intestine (multiple)

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29
Q

Pyloric Valve Stenosis

A

Narrowing of the Pyloric Valve.-Congenital-In children, more in males (1st born males)-Most vomiting during the 1st four weeks of life

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30
Q

Stomach Cancer

A

(Squamous Cell Carcinoma) or (Adenocarcinoma)Can develop anywhere in the stomach.Caused by heredity, alcohol or dietary.Surgically removed with chemotherapy or radiation

31
Q

Enteritis

A

Inflammation of the small intestine.Symptoms are diarrhea and dehydration.Caused by:- Salmonella (most common)- Shigella-Hep A-E. Coli-Dysentery-Cholera-TB

32
Q

Salmonellosis

A

Bacterial infection in the small intestine from Salmonella.Acute symptoms - gastroenteritis.Symptoms occur after 6 to 72 hours.Resolves in 5 t0 7 days.Fatality is >1%Requires no treatment unless patient becomes dehydrated or infection spreads

33
Q

Hernia - definition and cause

A

A portion of the abdominal organs pushes through the abdominal wall.Caused by :-Obesity, age, trauma-Congenital weakness-poorly healed wound or surgical incisionsReducible Hernia - Pushed back in without surgeryIrreducible Hernia - Need surgery

34
Q

Umbilical Hernia

A

Congenital, Most common

35
Q

Inguinal Hernia

A

In Males - SCROTUMIn Females - VAGINA

36
Q

Femoral Hernia

A

inside of the thigh

37
Q

Diaphragmatic Hernia

A

upwards into the diaphragm

38
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A

herniation of the esophagus

39
Q

Hernia Dangers

A

-Rupture or Perforation-Strangulation of blood vessels. wall of herniated intestines twist into knots -> gangrene can occur,-Obstruction or blockage

40
Q

Colitis is caused by

A

Inflammation of the colon (large intestine).Caused by :-Ascending infections (Parasites, worms)-Nervous tension-Descending infections (shigella)

41
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A

erosion of the lining of the colon, resulting in bleeding and perforation

42
Q

Nervous Tension…….

A

-tightens every muscle and nerve in the body.-restricts normal actions, and free and rhythmic flow of substances-capable of disorganizing the entire digestive system as it inhibits both assimilation and elimination

43
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract anywhere from esophagus to anus (including parts of the small and large intestine)-autoimmune disease-hereditary-Affects all and full thickness of the walls-triggered by stress-young adults (20-35), often female

44
Q

Diverticulitis

A

inflammation of little outpouches in the colon (diverticula); may include infection

45
Q

Proctitis

A

Inflammation of the retcum, causing bleeding, abscess, exudates, rectal sinus, fistula.Caused by :-ascending infection-retained feces-hemorrhoids-rectal cancer-irritating injections-mechanical injury

46
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

Painfull swollen veins (varicose veins) of the rectum causing bleeding and irritation.Caused by:-increased pressure in veins due to constipation, obesity, pregnancy, prolonged sitting

47
Q

Shigellosis

A

Bacterial infection by shigella.-fecal oral route-in polluted water-very common in AIDS patientsSymptoms:-mild to severe dysentery-Begins after 2 to 4 days, can last for days to weeks.-10 to 15% fatality rate (some strains)

48
Q

Botulism

A

RARE, but serious illness caused by clostridium Botulinum.- Produces toxins-No fever-found in soil and untreated water-may enter the body through wounds, or digestive system.Can form spores and live in canned food

49
Q

Rectal Cancer

A

-Malignant Neoplasm.-Occurs in makes more than females.-Metastasizes early-Causes bleeding

50
Q

Rectal Cancer - Degree of tumor invasion and spread

A

From mucosa -> muscular wall -> distant metastasis

51
Q

Appendix

A

-Vestigial (no function)-diverticulum (pouch) located at the ileo-cecal junction.has a high risk of fecal impaction

52
Q

Appendicitis

A

Appendix is infected by bacteria in the feces.-Acute in younger people.-Chronic in older people-due to scar tissue and adhesions.Can cause peritonitis

53
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver.Caused by :-Virus (Hep A, B, C)-Bacteria-Gallstones-Trauma-Injury-Chemical, alcohols and medicationSymptoms include:-hepatomegaly-Jaundice-Fatigue, nausea and vomiting

54
Q

Jaundice

A

A yellow discoloration of skin and sclera caused by excess of biliruben in blood. A postmortem condition associated with Hepatitis.Bilirubin - yellow pigment produced from hemoglobin of old RBC

55
Q

Viral Hepatitis

A

Liver infection ->hepatic cell destruction -> necrosis -> autolysis

56
Q

Hepatitis A

A

mild, spread by contaminated food or water; does not cause chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis

57
Q

Hepatitis B

A

Spreads through blood transfusion, saliva, semen, shared needles; increased risk or cirrhosis or liver cancer

58
Q

Hepatitis C

A

Spread through blood transfusion, shared needles; causes chronic hepatitis

59
Q

Cirrhosis

A

A chronic disease of the liver characterized by replacement of normal tissue with fibrous tissue and loss of function.-End stage of chronic liver cancer

60
Q

Portal Cirrhosis

A

Liver cell necrosis due to alcoholism or other chemical poisons.Tissue dies -> scar tissue forms -> liver failurehepatomegalyliver retains fats and will have a creamy yellow color

61
Q

Biliary or Focal Cirrhosis

A

Usually due to damage to bile ducts in liver -> body jaundice.Liver turns green and smaller than normal

62
Q

Cirrhosis Complications

A

Ascites - massive edema in the abdominal cavityHepatocellular carcinoma - cirrhosis is a major cause

63
Q

Liver Tumors

A

Metastatic carcinoma - most common (from primary malignancy in colon, lung or breast)

64
Q

PKU (phenylketonuria)

A

Chromosomal Abnormality. Liver enzyems for catabolism of phenylalanine is missing.-Phenylalanine accumulates in blood and urine.-affects development of nervous system -> brain damage

65
Q

Familial Hyperchloresterolemia

A

Chromosomal Abnormality. Liver defect.Receptors in liver don’t hold low density lipoprotein (LDL) -> results in high level of cholesterol -> athersclerosis

66
Q

Gall Bladder

A

Sac under the liver that stores bile.Bile is sent to the bile ducts through the liver to the intestines for excretion

67
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of the gall bladder.Caused by :-choleliths (gall stones) 90% calcified bile-Gall bladder cancer, hepatitis, infections, alcohol abuse

68
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Presence of one or more calculi (gall stone) in the gall bladder.-In developed countries, about 10% of adults and 20% of people >65 years-Tends to asymptomatic

69
Q

Cholangitis

A

Inflammation of bile ducts of the liver.Caused by: -infections from the liver or gall bladder or gall stones.- pushed into the ductsSymptoms:-jaundice, back pain, chest pain, clay colored feces

70
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of Pancreas caused by :-diabetes-pancreatic cancer-infection-trauma-injury to abdomen

71
Q

Diabetes Mellitus causes?

A

decrease in insulin -> excess sugar in the blood -> low energy, fatigue, retina damageexcess blood in kidneys ->excess urination -> dehydration

72
Q

Peritonitis is caused by

A

Inflammation of peritoneum (inner membrane covering the entire abdominal wall)Caused by:-Diabetes-infection or trauma to abdomen-rupture of internal organ (appendix, gall bladder, intestines, fallopian tube)

73
Q

Causes of Intestinal Obstruction

A

-Stenosis : abnormal constriction-Hernia : organ through abdominal opening-Paralysis: decrease of peristolsis-Bile Duct : gall stones-Volvulus: twisted intestines-Intussusception: colon telescopes-Infectious : pathogen multiplies-Adhesion: areas abnormally link together

Pathology Units 9-11 (3 decks)

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