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Pathology Units 9-11 > Unit 10 > Flashcards

Unit 10 Flashcards

2
Q

Alimentary Canal

A

Continuous tube running from mouth to the anus

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3
Q

Mouth

A

Food broken down mechanically (teeth and tongue) and chemically (salivary glands)

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4
Q

Pharynx

A

connects mouth to esophagus

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5
Q

Esophagus

A

Muscular contractions move food from pharynx to stomach by peristalsis

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6
Q

Stomach enzymes

A

chemical digestion (pepsin, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor)

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7
Q

Small Intestine

A

Digestion and adsorption- Duodenum: receives bile and pancreatic juices-Jejunum: absorption of nutrients-Ileum: absorption of nutrients

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8
Q

Large Intestine

A

AKA - Colonabsorption of water and electrolytes, and elimination of wastes (feces)-Cecum-Appendix-Colon-Rectum and anus

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9
Q

Salivary Glands

A

Secretes saliva (mucous & enzymes)

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10
Q

Peritoneum

A

Large serous membrane covering the abdominal organs and lining the abdominal wall. (protects and prevents friction)

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11
Q

Liver

A

Produces and releases bile

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12
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces pancreatic juice (enzymes and buffers)

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13
Q

Stomatitis

A

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth.examples:gingivitis, glossitis

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14
Q

Gingivitis

A

Inflammation of the gums, resulting in redness, swelling and bleedingCaused by:-Strep-Dental hygiene-tooth decay-dentures-plaque

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15
Q

Vincents Angina

A

AKA - Trench MouthA form of gingivitis caused by bacterial infection (leptospira) and ulceration of gums; swelling and sloughing of dead tissueUsually in young children and young adults.

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16
Q

Glossitis

A

Inflammation of the tongue, ruslting in tender, painful ulcers and edema.Caused by:-hot food or liquids (most common)-Candida Yeast -> Thrush-Herpes virus, syphilis-Mechanical injury, such as biting of tongue

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17
Q

Parotitis

A

AKA - Epidemic parotitisInflammation of the parotid glands (salivary glands, due to viral (mumps) or bacterial infection

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18
Q

Aphthous Stomatitis

A

AKA - Canker SoresTiny ulcers with red aureola on mucosa of mouth.Caused by :-stomach acid reflux-Viruses, bacteria and stress-iron or vitamin b12 deficiencyHard or sharp food

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19
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Mouth

A

On Lips and Tongue-can metastasize to the GI tract

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20
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma of Mouth

A

The Lips-can metastasize to the GI tract

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21
Q

Giant Cell Tumor of the mouth

A

On the bones of the jaw (Epulus)

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22
Q

Pharyngitis

A

Inflammation of the pharynx.Caused by : -Strep or diphtheria-Viruses-Allergens, pollen, dust-food blockageSymptoms:-Cough congestion, catarrhal lesions (inflammation), crypts of pus (retropharyngeal abscess - the tonsils appear white)

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23
Q

Scarlet Fever

A

STREPTOCOCCUS that is highly contagious, spreads by sneezing, coughing.Symptoms are sore throat and strawberry tongue.Complications can be rheumatic fever (heart) and glomerulonephritis (kidney)

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24
Q

Esophagitis

A

Inflammation of the esophagus; RARECaused by acid reflux, alcohol, food, neoplasm, chemical poisons…..an external pressure such as a HIATAL HERNIA

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25
Q

Chronic Esophagitis

A

Esophagitis -> scar tissue -> blockageesophageal STRICTURE is the same as stenosis

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26
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Esophagus
From the mouth, throat or stomach cancer
27
Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach.Caused by:-H. Pylori-Rare infection due to high acid in stomach-Hot and spicy foods, garlic, chemical poisons and alcohol
28
Stomach Ulcers
Circular area of necrosis on the stomach or intestinal lining.Peptic Ulcer - in the stomach (single)Duodenum Ulcer - In the duodenum of the small intestine (multiple)
29
Pyloric Valve Stenosis
Narrowing of the Pyloric Valve.-Congenital-In children, more in males (1st born males)-Most vomiting during the 1st four weeks of life
30
Stomach Cancer
(Squamous Cell Carcinoma) or (Adenocarcinoma)Can develop anywhere in the stomach.Caused by heredity, alcohol or dietary.Surgically removed with chemotherapy or radiation
31
Enteritis
Inflammation of the small intestine.Symptoms are diarrhea and dehydration.Caused by:- Salmonella (most common)- Shigella-Hep A-E. Coli-Dysentery-Cholera-TB
32
Salmonellosis
Bacterial infection in the small intestine from Salmonella.Acute symptoms - gastroenteritis.Symptoms occur after 6 to 72 hours.Resolves in 5 t0 7 days.Fatality is >1%Requires no treatment unless patient becomes dehydrated or infection spreads
33
Hernia - definition and cause
A portion of the abdominal organs pushes through the abdominal wall.Caused by :-Obesity, age, trauma-Congenital weakness-poorly healed wound or surgical incisionsReducible Hernia - Pushed back in without surgeryIrreducible Hernia - Need surgery
34
Umbilical Hernia
Congenital, Most common
35
Inguinal Hernia
In Males - SCROTUMIn Females - VAGINA
36
Femoral Hernia
inside of the thigh
37
Diaphragmatic Hernia
upwards into the diaphragm
38
Hiatal Hernia
herniation of the esophagus
39
Hernia Dangers
-Rupture or Perforation-Strangulation of blood vessels. wall of herniated intestines twist into knots -> gangrene can occur,-Obstruction or blockage
40
Colitis is caused by
Inflammation of the colon (large intestine).Caused by :-Ascending infections (Parasites, worms)-Nervous tension-Descending infections (shigella)
41
Ulcerative Colitis
erosion of the lining of the colon, resulting in bleeding and perforation
42
Nervous Tension.......
-tightens every muscle and nerve in the body.-restricts normal actions, and free and rhythmic flow of substances-capable of disorganizing the entire digestive system as it inhibits both assimilation and elimination
43
Crohn's Disease
Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract anywhere from esophagus to anus (including parts of the small and large intestine)-autoimmune disease-hereditary-Affects all and full thickness of the walls-triggered by stress-young adults (20-35), often female
44
Diverticulitis
inflammation of little outpouches in the colon (diverticula); may include infection
45
Proctitis
Inflammation of the retcum, causing bleeding, abscess, exudates, rectal sinus, fistula.Caused by :-ascending infection-retained feces-hemorrhoids-rectal cancer-irritating injections-mechanical injury
46
Hemorrhoids
Painfull swollen veins (varicose veins) of the rectum causing bleeding and irritation.Caused by:-increased pressure in veins due to constipation, obesity, pregnancy, prolonged sitting
47
Shigellosis
Bacterial infection by shigella.-fecal oral route-in polluted water-very common in AIDS patientsSymptoms:-mild to severe dysentery-Begins after 2 to 4 days, can last for days to weeks.-10 to 15% fatality rate (some strains)
48
Botulism
RARE, but serious illness caused by clostridium Botulinum.- Produces toxins-No fever-found in soil and untreated water-may enter the body through wounds, or digestive system.Can form spores and live in canned food
49
Rectal Cancer
-Malignant Neoplasm.-Occurs in makes more than females.-Metastasizes early-Causes bleeding
50
Rectal Cancer - Degree of tumor invasion and spread
From mucosa -> muscular wall -> distant metastasis
51
Appendix
-Vestigial (no function)-diverticulum (pouch) located at the ileo-cecal junction.has a high risk of fecal impaction
52
Appendicitis
Appendix is infected by bacteria in the feces.-Acute in younger people.-Chronic in older people-due to scar tissue and adhesions.Can cause peritonitis
53
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver.Caused by :-Virus (Hep A, B, C)-Bacteria-Gallstones-Trauma-Injury-Chemical, alcohols and medicationSymptoms include:-hepatomegaly-Jaundice-Fatigue, nausea and vomiting
54
Jaundice
A yellow discoloration of skin and sclera caused by excess of biliruben in blood. A postmortem condition associated with Hepatitis.Bilirubin - yellow pigment produced from hemoglobin of old RBC
55
Viral Hepatitis
Liver infection ->hepatic cell destruction -> necrosis -> autolysis
56
Hepatitis A
mild, spread by contaminated food or water; does not cause chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis
57
Hepatitis B
Spreads through blood transfusion, saliva, semen, shared needles; increased risk or cirrhosis or liver cancer
58
Hepatitis C
Spread through blood transfusion, shared needles; causes chronic hepatitis
59
Cirrhosis
A chronic disease of the liver characterized by replacement of normal tissue with fibrous tissue and loss of function.-End stage of chronic liver cancer
60
Portal Cirrhosis
Liver cell necrosis due to alcoholism or other chemical poisons.Tissue dies -> scar tissue forms -> liver failurehepatomegalyliver retains fats and will have a creamy yellow color
61
Biliary or Focal Cirrhosis
Usually due to damage to bile ducts in liver -> body jaundice.Liver turns green and smaller than normal
62
Cirrhosis Complications
Ascites - massive edema in the abdominal cavityHepatocellular carcinoma - cirrhosis is a major cause
63
Liver Tumors
Metastatic carcinoma - most common (from primary malignancy in colon, lung or breast)
64
PKU (phenylketonuria)
Chromosomal Abnormality. Liver enzyems for catabolism of phenylalanine is missing.-Phenylalanine accumulates in blood and urine.-affects development of nervous system -> brain damage
65
Familial Hyperchloresterolemia
Chromosomal Abnormality. Liver defect.Receptors in liver don't hold low density lipoprotein (LDL) -> results in high level of cholesterol -> athersclerosis
66
Gall Bladder
Sac under the liver that stores bile.Bile is sent to the bile ducts through the liver to the intestines for excretion
67
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gall bladder.Caused by :-choleliths (gall stones) 90% calcified bile-Gall bladder cancer, hepatitis, infections, alcohol abuse
68
Cholelithiasis
Presence of one or more calculi (gall stone) in the gall bladder.-In developed countries, about 10% of adults and 20% of people >65 years-Tends to asymptomatic
69
Cholangitis
Inflammation of bile ducts of the liver.Caused by: -infections from the liver or gall bladder or gall stones.- pushed into the ductsSymptoms:-jaundice, back pain, chest pain, clay colored feces
70
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of Pancreas caused by :-diabetes-pancreatic cancer-infection-trauma-injury to abdomen
71
Diabetes Mellitus causes?
decrease in insulin -> excess sugar in the blood -> low energy, fatigue, retina damageexcess blood in kidneys ->excess urination -> dehydration
72
Peritonitis is caused by
Inflammation of peritoneum (inner membrane covering the entire abdominal wall)Caused by:-Diabetes-infection or trauma to abdomen-rupture of internal organ (appendix, gall bladder, intestines, fallopian tube)
73
Causes of Intestinal Obstruction
-Stenosis : abnormal constriction-Hernia : organ through abdominal opening-Paralysis: decrease of peristolsis-Bile Duct : gall stones-Volvulus: twisted intestines-Intussusception: colon telescopes-Infectious : pathogen multiplies-Adhesion: areas abnormally link together

Pathology Units 9-11 (3 decks)

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