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Human Growth and Developnent > Unit 1.1 > Flashcards

Unit 1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

James and Alex are four year old twins, identify their life stage.

A

Childhood

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2
Q

Identify three factors that may affect a child’s language development.

A
  • Lack of communication
  • Lack of understanding.
  • Unsettled in the environment.
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3
Q

Blake is two years old, describe two features of his language skills.

A
  • He will nearly be able to put words into a sentence, eg. want toy.
  • He will constantly ask questions and wants to know everything e.g. why?
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4
Q

Jane is 12 months old. She cries when her parents leave her.What is the name of this behaviour?

A

Specific attachment behaviour.

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5
Q

Name 3 physical changes in puberty for boys.

A
  • Grow body hair
  • penis and testicles develop
  • voice breaks
  • shoulders broaden
  • shape changes
  • become taller
  • gain weight
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6
Q

Name 3 physical changes in puberty for girls.

A
  • Grow body hair.
  • period start.
  • breasts develop.
  • shape changes.
  • become taller.
  • gain weight.
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7
Q

Name 5 physical features of a person in later adulthood.

A
  • hair loss
  • reduction in taste and smell
  • loss of skin elasticity
  • wasting of muscles
  • digestive disorders, such as constipation
  • reduced production of hormone leading to diabetes
  • reduction in stroke volume of heart.
  • deafness
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8
Q

Explain the term adolescence. (2)

A

-Between childhood and early adulthood.(1)
-Age range 9-18 yrs. (1)
· Turn into man/woman/ go through puberty/child into adult(1)
· Time period when the body prepares for (sexual)
reproduction/ menstruation/produce ova/sperm (2)

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9
Q

Describe 1 physical feature of adolescence. (2)

A 
Physical 
–Growth of sexual organs
-growth spurt
-widening of shoulders or hips
-onset of menstruation
-growth of breasts
-development of body hair
-voice breaking
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10
Q

Describe 1 social feature of adolescence. (2)

A 
Social 
– friends more important than family
-sociallyindependent
-intimate friendships
-interests as peers
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11
Q

Describe 1 emotional feature of adolescence. (2)

A

Emotional

  • rebellious
  • moody
  • independence
  • idealistic
  • fanaticisms
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12
Q

Explain the difference between self-esteem and self-image. (4)

A

How an individual sees/views/perceives themselves is self image.

Whereas how an individual feels/values themselves is self esteem.

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13
Q

Paul is 17 years old.

Explain how unemployment may have affected Pauls self-concept. (8)

A

Increased/maintain self concept

· Time to fully prepare for any interviews /learn new skills / feels he has done his best
· Has time to meet with friends/meet new people/develop
socially/ makes him feel good
· Many other people in same position so self esteem maintained
· Able to claim benefits to live on

Decreased self concept/Negative

· Feels dependent on state hand-outs
· May feel depressed
· Feels rejected/ worthless/isolated/discriminated against
· Angry/resentful/disappointed
· Low self esteem/ low self image/doesn’t feel good /sees self as failure
· No money for clothes/leisure/luxuries
· May be tempted/get into trouble/ get into debt
· Boredom/unable to progress

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14
Q

Examine the advantages and disadvantages that Paul may experience if he returns to full-time education. (10)

A

Advantages
· Can progress/Higher education/purpose in life
· Secure a better job with more money eventually
· Make a new circle of friends
· Raise self esteem/self concept
· Become more confident
· Enhance cognitive skills / communication skills
· Join in other activities e.g. sport

Disadvantages
· Worry that a job that he wants comes after he starts
· Anxiety about his intellectual/practical skills/ integrating
· Still might be unemployed after college
· Levels of debt he might incur
· Lose benefits
· Anxiety about living expenses
· Ties him up for a long time

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15
Q

Keith the volunteer advisor is 68 years of age and a retired business manager.
Identify Keith’s life stage. (1)

A

Later adulthood

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16
Q

Identify three physical features of Keith’s life stage. (3)

A

Eyesight deteriorates /declines (NOT LOST) because the lens is less elastic/harder and the muscles are weaker
· Hearing reduces /declines (NOT LOST) because the small bones/joints become arthritic/stiff
· Skin elasticity is less so wrinkles form. /Elastic degenerates with time.
· Mobility is reduced due to joints becoming stiff as the
cartilage wears out /balance deteriorates
· Organs become less efficient as tissues age and blood supply gets less / immune system deteriorates
· Height decrease/get shorter
· Bones become less dense/ weaker/ more liable to fracture

17
Q

Explain why Keith spend some time doing unpaid voluntary work. (6)

A

Retired so prevents boredom
· Wishes to repay society/give something back
· Increase social development by keeping work colleagues
· Extend his own knowledge
· Use his experience of life
· Remain active both mentally and physically
· Raise/maintain self-esteem/image/concept
· Make new friends
· Need to be appreciated/respected
· Pleasure/ personal satisfaction

18
Q

Eve is the paid supervisor, she is currently divorcing her husband who has formed a relationship with a younger woman.
Examine how Eve’s relationship problems may be affecting her work. (8)

A

Physical
· Stress / irritable with people
· Lack of sleep / tired / can’t be bothered / inefficient
· Vulnerable to infection / time off work
· Weight loss / gain / altered self image

Emotional
· Angry / resentful (anti-men) / judgemental
· Sad / tearful / work problems have greater effect
· Lowered self-esteem / image/concept / lack of leadership
· Withdrawn emotionally / depressed / unhelpful
· Disinclined to talk / unhelpful

Social
· Lonely / isolated
· Doesn’t go out
· Withdrawn socially
(withdraws from social activities involved with work)

Intellectual
· Unable to concentrate/ distracted / inefficient/ lower work performance
· Makes mistakes / inefficient
· Loss of interest in work / can’t be bothered
· Bias/distorted perspective/inappropriate advice

19
Q

Eve is going through the menopause.

Describe what is meant by the menopause. (2)

A
  • The end of a female’s fertile period (2 marks) /
  • cannot have more children (1 mark)
  • no viable eggs/produced (1mark) so periods stop (1 mark)
  • Age 45-55 1 mark
20
Q

Eve had a few weeks off work due to stress from the break-up of her marriage.
Discuss how stress may effect Eve physically and emotionally. (10)

A 
Physical
· Adrenaline release, high blood pressure, heart disease
· Digestive disorders, diarrhoea, ulcers
· Palpitations, tachycardia (rapid heart rate)
· Skin disorders
· Sleeplessness
· Vulnerability to infection
· Headaches/migraines
· Loss/gaining weight
Emotional
· Panic attacks
· Anxiety
· Neuroses
· OCD (obsessive compulsory disorder)
· Depression
· Tiredness due to sleeplessness
· Irritability
· Anger/aggression
· Low self image/esteem/concept
21
Q

Name two groups that would be at greater risk of life-threatening complications of ‘swine flu.’ (2)

A

-Children
· Pregnant women
· Individuals with health concerns/ reduced immunity

22
Q

Describe two reasons why the UK government carried out a national health promotion campaign at the start of an infection such as ‘swine flu’. (4)

A

-To prevent a spread throughout the country
-Raise awareness and educate / signs and symptoms
· To reduce a potential death toll
· To relieve pressure on the NHS
· To raise confidence in the government
· Give advice on what to do / ways to increase personal hygiene

NOT stop people getting ill

23
Q

Identify and justify the health promotion approaches/models used by the UK government in managing large scale infections such as ‘swine flu’. (6)

A

Educational/behavioural
· D of H needed to inform citizens of signs and symptoms of swine flu / raising awareness
· D of H needed to explain risks to health
· People needed to know what to do to prevent infection by swine flu.
· People needed to know how they should behave if infected

(Bio) Medical
· Antiviral drugs will be handed out to individuals who have been close to source of infection.
· Immunisations will be offered

24
Q

The UK government has been criticised for not being effective enough in raising awareness of public health issues. Discuss this statement. (8)

A

-To inform people ( leaflets to every home) or not at all
· To run adverts emphasising what to do or not
· Publish up-to-date statistics or not
· Make the issue transparent or cover up
· Reinforce government guidance regularly or not
· Hold the DOH to account or not
· Criticism when facilities such as helplines are not ready
· Review strategies regularly or not
· Publicise personal stories or ignore
· Keep public vigilant or lose impact
· Issues not treated equally e.g. compare swine flu to HIV
· Resources unequal for different campaigns
· After an initial campaign, issues tend to be forgotten e.g. HIV
· Scarcity of vaccine
· Bureaucracy

25
Q

Assess the role of the media in national health promotion campaigns to raise awareness of large-scale infections.

A

Strengths
· Raise awareness of expectation/presence of swine flu
· Speed of message
· Most individuals heard the message
· TV adverts reached majority of population even if they didn’t read leaflets
· Funding was not an issue even in recession
· Helplines set up
· Internet was used to direct people to drug collection centres
· People told to get a flu buddy
· Publicise personal stories e.g. celebrities

Weaknesses
· Many were scared even though it was a mild illness overall
· Vulnerable people like pregnant women were unsure what to do
· Reported side effects (e.g. Tamiflu) often worse than illness
· Individuals were still visiting the GP even when they were told not to.
· Helplines were delayed starting
· Helplines staffed by unqualified people reading from a sheet
· Other illnesses like meningitis were missed
-Older people living alone had little access to internet or flu buddies

26
Q

Marta and Kris are foster parents. Care for Lia-6 and Kai-10. Staying for several months because their mother is unable to cope due to the death of their father/her husband.
Identify two benefits for Lia and Kia’s well-being of being looked after by Marta and Kris.

A

-Regular meals
· Someone to talk to/socialise with/ make relationships with (may include foster parents or other foster children)
· Daily routine
· Personal and environmental hygiene
· Have needs met
· Emotional support/safety/security
· Removed from stress/ more relaxed/less chaos/ calmer

27
Q

Lia eats little food at mealtimes.

Describe two reasons why Lia may have a poor appetite.

A 
-Ill
· Grieving for father
· Missing mother/father
· Unsettled in strange surroundings/missing home environment/being with strangers
· Lacking love/depressed/sad
· Abused (brother, foster carers)
· Not like food prepared in foster home/different food habits and rules
· Anxiety/confusion about situation
28
Q

Kai finds it difficult to communicate with his foster carers, mother and school teachers.
Discuss the factors which might affect the development of language in children.

A 
-Being spoken to regularly
· Able to listen/not hearing impaired
· Sufficient stimulation/toys/books
· Presence/Absence of learning disabilities
· Happy, stable environment
· Absence of physical difficulties/speech defect
· Encouragement
· Emotional shock/crisis
· Self esteem/confidence/self concept
· Not or being told to be quiet
· Left alone to play for long periods
· Poor socialisation
· Having a different first language.
29
Q

Lia enjoys riding her tricycle around the garden but has difficulty tying her shoelaces.
Explain what might account for the difference in these physical skills.

A

The response must relate to the acquisition of gross
and fine motor skills.
The answer must demonstrate that riding a tricycle is an example of gross motor skills(1 mark)
because it involves large limb muscles (1 mark)
Whereas tying shoelaces involves fine motor skills (1
mark)
Involving the small muscles of the fingers (1
Mark).
Gross motor skills are simple (1 mark)
Whereas fine motor skills are complex movements (1 mark).
The former is acquired earlier in childhood
and the latter later (1 mark).

30
Q

Examine the range of skills and abilities that Marta may have developed during adulthood to make her a successful carer.

A 
-Physically fit and able
· Preparation of healthy meals
· Participate in forms of exercise with children
· Understand the needs of children
· Sense when unhappy/ill
· Know the developmental stages
· Positive self concept/self esteem/self image
· Loving personality/ emotional support
· Good organisation/ problem solver/adaptable/flexible
· Enhanced social skills
· Admit mistakes
· Ready to seek help from social worker
· Tolerant and non-judgmental/patience
· Good communicator/listener.
31
Q

What is an effect of smoking during pregnancy?

A
  • Reduces ability of women’s blood to carry oxygen to placenta.
  • Increases risk of miscarriage.
  • more likely to give birth to premature babies.
  • Prone to upper respiratory tract infections and breathing problems.
  • Higher risk of cot death.
32
Q

Most common place babies/children are exposed to smoke?

A

Their home

33
Q

Who/what can contribute to our self-concept?

A
  • Society
  • Teachers
  • Family/Relatives
  • Work roles
  • Comparing ourselves with others
  • Environment
  • Local neighbourhood
  • Media
  • Friends
  • Colleagues

Human Growth and Developnent (4 decks)

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