Unit 1.1- 1.2 Flashcards
describe the behavior of the surface area to volume ratio
as the size of the cell increases, the surface area to volume ratio decreases. This is not what we want. The surface area, relative to the volume, should be larger because there should be more membrane compares to internal space. A large volume would make diffusion inefficient.
what are the functions of life?
- nutrition
- growth
- response
- excretion
- metabolism
- homeostasis
- reproduction
the more small the cell, the more ____
efficient
electron microscopes use
electrons; dead specimens
light microscopes use
light, live specimens
actual size =
measured length/magnification
magnification =
measured length / actual length
width =
measured length of width/actual length (of width)
cell theory
- all living things are made up of cells
- all cells come from previously existing cells
- cells are the smallest unit of life
prokaryotes’ characteristics
- no nucleus
- naked dna
- divide via binary fission
- plasma membrane inside cell wall
- pili
- flagella
- fimbrae
binary fission
- doesn’t require a mate
bacteria doubles dna, expands, and splits
conjugation
the process by which prokaryotes exchange plasmid dna
endosymbiotic theory
batteria that was very good at cellular respiration and bacteria that was very good at being autotrophic are injected and absorbed by large bacteria
other bacteria doesn’t digest, but keeps for use
evidence of endosymbiotic theory
mitochondria susceptible to antibiotics
seprate dna
prokaryote sized ribosomes (70s)
organelles have double membranes
divison occurs in a fission like process
eukaryotes
have nucleus
have membrane bound organelles
have histone bound dna (not naked)
have mitochondria
80s ribosomes
Animal cells
no cell wall
no chloroplasts
small (if any) vacuole
centrioles
Golgi apparatus
sort proteins by chemically tagging to go to the right place
nucleus
hold DNA with chromatin
has pores for dna to leave for translation
nucleolus makes ribosomes
rough er
makes membrane proteins that will leave the cell
makes proteins/ phospholipids that make it’s own membrane
synthesizes proteins and glycoproteins
smooth er
no ribosomes
metabolizes carbs
detoxifies drugs and potions
sores calcium
lysosome
contains hydrolytic enzymes for digestion of cell (apoptosis via macro-having), digest molecules, damaged organelles
endomembrane system
smooth er, rough er, Golgi
mitochondria
cellular respiration
vacuoles
water/nutrition storage, structure - for plants (molecules, pigments, poisons)
contractile vacuoles in protists (eukaryotic but not plant animal or fungus; ex: algae)
plat cell
cell wall - cellulose (not
central vacuole
carbs stored as glycogen (not strach)
no centrioles
chloroplasts
object size =
size fov/# objects that fit across (left right or up or down)
number of cells to cover surface area =
diameter (fov/2)^2 x pi/area of each cell
totipotent
Can differentiate into any type of cell.
plurpotent
Can differentiate into many
types of cell.
multipotent
Can differentiate into a few closely-related types of cell.
unipotent
Can regenerate but can only differentiate into their associated cell type
