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Biology > Unit 10 Biology > Flashcards

Unit 10 Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucleotide

A

The subunits that make up DNA

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2
Q

The three parts that make a nucleotide

A

Phosphate group, Five-carbon sugar, and Nitrogen-containing bases

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3
Q

Where are Five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate group founded?

A

These two are found in all nucleotides - make the backbone of the double helix

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4
Q

What are the nitrogen-containing base?

A

(4 types)
*Adenine and Guanine (A and G)
*Thymine and Cytosine (T and C)

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5
Q

The purines are

A

Adenine and Guanine

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6
Q

The pyrimidines are

A

Thymine and Cytosine

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7
Q

The structure of a DNA molecule

A

*Double helix-like a ladder
*Sugar and phosphate make the back bone
*Base make the rungs

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8
Q

What did Chargraff show?

A

Showed that amount of A=T and C=G

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9
Q

What did Wilkins and Franklin do?

A

*Used X-Ray diffraction photographs to show DNA
*Showed tightly composed of two chains of nucleotides

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10
Q

What did Watson and Crick do?

A

Built a model of DNA which showed the helix shape

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11
Q

What are the base pairing rules?

A

*Adenine always pairs with Thymine (A=T or T=A)
*Cytosine always pairs with Guanine (C=G or G=C)

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12
Q

The sequence of bases on one strand determines the?

A

The sequence of bases on the other strand

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13
Q

The process of DNA replication (3 steps)

A
  1. Two original strands of DNA separate
  2. DNA polymerases add complementary nucleotides to each strand
  3. Two DNA molecules form that are identical to the original DNA molecules
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14
Q

What happens when two original strands of DNA separate?

A

*DNA helicases break the H bonds (Hydrogen bonds)
*The separated strands are called replication forks

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15
Q

DNA polymerases add complementary nucleotides to each strands using?

A

*the use of base pairing rules

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16
Q

How errors are corrected during DNA replication?

A

The DNA polymerases have a proofreading role

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17
Q

The proofreading role description (process)

A

*The bases have to be correctly paired for the polymerase to move to the next base.
*It can backtrack if it is wrong
*Removes the incorrect nucleotide and replaces it with the correct one
*Reduces error to 1 in 1 billion

18
Q

Replication fork

A

*A separated strand of DNA
*Replication doesn’t begin at one end of a DNA

19
Q

The number of replication forks in prokaryotic cells

A

*It has a circular strand of DNA
*2 sets of replication

20
Q

The number of replication forks in eukaryotic cells

A

*Each chromosome has 1 long strand of DNA
*multiple replication forks working together

21
Q

What is RNA

A

*Single strand
*It contains instructions for making a protein

22
Q

The bases of RNA

A

The bases are Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil

23
Q

The five-carbon sugar in RNA is called

A

It’s called ribose which has 1 more oxygen

24
Q

What is DNA

A

Double strand

25
Q

The five-carbon sugar in DNA is called

A

The sugar is called deoxyribose

26
Q

The three types of RNA

A

*Messenger RNA (mRNA),
*Transfer RNA (tRNA)
*Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

27
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

*writes the instructions from DNA
–Takes them to the ribosome

28
Q

Where does mRNA happens (occurs at)

A

Occurs in the nucleus

29
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Reads the codons on the mRNA

30
Q

Where is rRNA located

A

Located at the ribosome

31
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Transfers the amino acids using anticodons

32
Q

The process of transcription (4 steps)

A
  1. RNA polymerase binds to the gene’s promoter
  2. The two DNA strands unwind and separate
  3. Complementary RNA nucleotides are added, which eventually reaches a stop codon. After the DNA closes back
  4. mRNA leaves the nucleus, headed to the ribosome
33
Q

Transcription

A

*RNA polymerase is used
*RNA nucleotides are linked
*RNA molecule is made
*Only one part of one strand is used as a template

34
Q

Replication

A

*DNA polymerase is used
*DNA nucleotides are linked
*DNA molecule is made
*Both DNA strands are used as templates

35
Q

Now that the instructions are scripted from DNA in the nucleus, _____

A

they have to be translated

36
Q

Translation

A

Process by which an mRNA strand leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosome to provide instructions to the production of a protein

37
Q

Codons

A

instructions on the mRNA are written as a series of three-nucleotide sequences on RNA

38
Q

What does each codon correspond to

A

Each codon corresponds to an amino acid or the start or stop signal for translation

39
Q

Genetic code

A

*the amino acids, start or stop signal that each codon represents
–All things contain DNA - the codon code is universal
–With few exceptions, it is the same in all organisms
–Called “nearly universal”

40
Q

Anticodon

A

*The complementary 3 bases to the mRNA codon
–They are carried by tRNA

41
Q

The process of translation (7 steps)

A
  1. Begins when mRNA reaches the ribosome, which uses a start codon to begin
  2. tRNA uses anticodons to know which amino acid to bring
  3. Peptide bonds attach the amino acid’s together
  4. tRNA detaches and leaves behind the amino acid
  5. tRNA brings another amino acid and attaches it
  6. It leaves the amino acid
  7. Steps 2-6 are repeated until it reaches a stop codon

Biology (3 decks)

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