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EOC Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three types of plant cells?

A

-Parenchyma
-Collenchyma
-Sclerenchyma

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2
Q

-Parenchyma
-Collenchyma
-Sclerenchyma

A

The three types of plant cells

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3
Q

What are the four types of plant tissues?

A

-Dermal,
-Ground tissue,
-Vascular
-Meristimatic

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4
Q

-Dermal,
-Ground tissue,
-Vascular
-Meristematic

A

The four types of plant tissues

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5
Q

Define Xylem

A

move water with dissolved minerals from roots up

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6
Q

Define Phloem

A

food carrying tissue (both directions)

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7
Q

The plant organ system consists of

A

+roots
-stems
-leaves
-flowers
-fruits
-cones

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8
Q

roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and cones are all part of which system

A

Plant organ system

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9
Q

The plant structure consists of?

A

-Cambium
-Stomata
-Guard cells
-Seed
-Phloem
-Xylem

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10
Q

The Cambium, Stomata, Guard cells, seed, phloem, and xylem makes up the

A

Plant structure

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11
Q

Define Angiosperm

A

Have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (a fruit)

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12
Q

Have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (a fruit)

A

Angiosperm

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13
Q

Define Gymnosperm

A

+No flowers or fruits or naked seeds

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14
Q

No flowers or fruits or naked seeds

A

Gymnosperm

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15
Q

Catabolic

A

Release energy by breaking down large molecules into small molecules

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16
Q

Release energy by breaking down large molecules into small molecules

A

Catabolic

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17
Q

Anabolic

A

use energy released by catabolic pathways to build large molecules from small molecules

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18
Q

Use energy released by catabolic pathways to build large molecules from small molecules

A

Anabolic

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19
Q

The First stage of photosynthesis

A

*Light is absorbed by pigments in the thylakoids (in the chloroplast)

–Electrons get excited and jump out

–Water molecules are split to fill the holes
(H holes, O holes gas to breathe)

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20
Q

+Light is absorbed by pigments in the thylakoids (in the chloroplast)

–Electrons get excited and jump out

–Water molecules are split to fill the holes
(H holes, O holes gas to breathe)

A

First stage of photosynthesis

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21
Q

The second stage of photosynthesis

A

+Electrons are carried on the ETC

–Electron carrier NADP is waiting at the end of the chain

–Forms NADPH and carries the electron to Stage 3

–ATP is also made for Stage 3

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22
Q

+Electrons are carried on the ETC

–Electron carrier NADP is waiting at the end of the chain

–Forms NADPH and carries the electron to Stage 3

–ATP is also made for Stage 3

A

Second stage of photosynthesis

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23
Q

The third stage of photosynthesis

A

(Calvin cycle)

1: 3 molecules of CO2 enter the cycle - each is added to a five carbon compound = 3 six carbon compounds

2: The six carbon compound splits forming a three carbon compound(Now have 6 three carbon compounds)

ATP and NADPH are added, now have 6 three carbon sugars

3: One carbon sugar is taken and used to make glucose

4: The five that are left over regenerate the original five carbon compound - so the cycle can begin again

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24
Q

(Calvin cycle)

1: 3 molecules of CO2 enter the cycle - each is added to a five carbon compound = 3 six carbon compounds

2: The six carbon compound splits forming a three carbon compound(Now have 6 three carbon compounds)

ATP and NADPH are added, now have 6 three carbon sugars

3: One carbon sugar is taken and used to make glucose

4: The five that are left over regenerate the original five carbon compound - so the cycle can begin again

A

Third stage of photosynthesis

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25
Q

How ATP is made in the second stage of cellular respiration

A

+Pyruvate is introduced to oxygen in the mitochondria

–Produces 1 CO2, 1 NADH, 1 acetyl-CoA

+At the end H+ and electrons combine with oxygen to form water

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26
Q

+Pyruvate is introduced to oxygen in the mitochondria

–Produces 1 CO2, 1 NADH, 1 acetyl-CoA

+At the end H+ and electrons combine with oxygen to form water

A

It’s how ATP is made in the second stage of cellular respiration

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27
Q

Passive transport

A

+No energy needed

+Move from high to low concentration

+With the current

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28
Q

+No energy needed

+Move from high to low concentration

+With the current

A

Passive transport

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29
Q

Examples of passive transport

A

–Ex: Diffusion, Osmosis, Ion channels, Facilitated diffusion

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30
Q

Diffusion, Osmosis, Ion channels, and Facilitated diffusion are examples of

A

Passive transport

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31
Q

Active transport

A

+Needs energy

+Moves from low concentration to high

+Against the current

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32
Q

+Needs energy

+Moves from low concentration to high

+Against the current

A

Active transport

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33
Q

Examples of active transport

A

–Ex: Sodium-potassium pump, Endocytosis, Exocytosis

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34
Q

Sodium-potassium pump, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis are examples of

A

Active transport

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35
Q

Where does the vesicle come from (active)?

A

+Carrier protein found in the cell membrane

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36
Q

The role of carrier proteins in facilitated diffusion

A

+Binds to a substance and carries it across the cell membrane

+Moves the substances without using the cell’s energy

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37
Q

+Binds to a substance and carries it across the cell membrane

+Moves the substances without using the cell’s energy

A

The role of carrier proteins in facilitated diffusion

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38
Q

Cell Membrane structure

A

+Made of 2 phospholipid layers (bilayer)

+Other molecules in the membrane (proteins, carbs)

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39
Q

+Made of 2 phospholipid layers (bilayer)

+Other molecules in the membrane (proteins, carbs)

A

Cell Membrane structure

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40
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

+Bacteria bond hydrogen atoms to nitrogen atoms to form ammonia

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41
Q

+Bacteria bond hydrogen atoms to nitrogen atoms to form ammonia

A

Nitrogen fixation

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42
Q

Where does Nitrogen fixation occur?

A

–Occurs in soil, water, and nodules on roots of legumes (beans, etc.)

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43
Q

This occurs in soil, water, and nodules on roots of legumes (beans, etc.)

A

Nitrogen fixation

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44
Q

Littoral zone

A

+Near shore

+Diverse community

+Shallow, well-lit and warm (photosynthesis)

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45
Q

+Near shore

+Diverse community

+Shallow, well-lit and warm (photosynthesis)

A

Littoral zone

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46
Q

Limnetic zone

A

+Near surface, open water

+Well-lit

+Plankton and fish

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47
Q

+Near surface, open water

+Well-lit

+Plankton and fish

A

Limnetic zone

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48
Q

Profundal zone

A

+Deep water, no or little light, low oxygen

+Too dark for photosynthesis

+Cold and dense

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49
Q

+Deep water, no or little light, low oxygen

+Too dark for photosynthesis

+Cold and dense

A

Profundal zone

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50
Q

Intertidal zone

A

+Where ocean meet land

+Waves and tides constantly change the community

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51
Q

+Where ocean meet land

+Waves and tides constantly change the community

A

Intertidal zone

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52
Q

Pelagic zone

A

+Open ocean

+Photic zone: shallow enough for sunlight

+Aphotic zone: sunlight can’t penetrate

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53
Q

+Open ocean

+Photic zone: shallow enough for sunlight

+Aphotic zone: sunlight can’t penetrate

A

Pelagic zone

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54
Q

Benthic zone

A

+Sand, silt, dead organisms

+Temperature gets colder with depth

+Few plants and bottom feeding organisms

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55
Q

+Sand, silt, dead organisms

+Temperature gets colder with depth

+Few plants and bottom-feeding organisms

A

Benthic zone

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56
Q

+Deepest

+Very cold, high pressure, low oxygen, low nutrition

A

Abyssal zone

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57
Q

Abyssal zone

A

+Deepest

+Very cold, high pressure, low oxygen, low nutrition

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58
Q

What are the 8 characteristics of life?

A
  1. Made of cells
  2. Displays organization
  3. Grows and develops
  4. Reproduces
  5. Responds to stimuli
  6. Requires energy
  7. Maintains homeostasis
  8. Adaptations evolve over time
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59
Q
  1. Made of cells
  2. Displays organization
  3. Grows and develops
  4. Reproduces
  5. Responds to stimuli
  6. Requires energy
  7. Maintains homeostasis
  8. Adaptations evolve over time
A

The 8 characteristics of life

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60
Q

Theory

A

+An explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by many observations and experiments over time.

+Culmination of many scientific investigations

+Represents the most powerful explanation scientist have to offer

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61
Q

+An explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by many observations and experiments over time.

+Culmination of many scientific investigations

+Represents the most powerful explanation scientist have to offer

A

Theory

62
Q

+Describes relationships under certain conditions in nature

A

Law

63
Q

Law

A

+Describes relationships under certain conditions in nature

64
Q

Theories do not become laws because

A

+Theories are well-supported explanations

65
Q

Laws do not become theories because

A

+Laws are well-supported descriptions

66
Q

Compound Light Microscope

A

+Uses 2 lenses

+A bulb in the base shines light up through the specimen which is mounted on a glass slide

+1st lens collects light, then it travels to 2nd lens (ocular)

+Both magnify the image (lens 1 X lens 2)

67
Q

+Uses 2 lenses

+A bulb in the base shines light up through the specimen which is mounted on a glass slide

+1st lens collects light, then it travels to 2nd lens (ocular)

+Both magnify the image (lens 1 X lens 2)

A

Compound Light Microscope

68
Q

Electron Microscope

A

+Use beams of electrons not light

+Used in a vacuum

+Produce a high magnification (more than 100,000 X)

+Can show smaller objects

+Cannot view living things (no air in a vacuum)

69
Q

+Use beams of electrons not light

+Used in a vacuum

+Produce a high magnification (more than 100,000 X)

+Can show smaller objects

+Cannot view living things (no air in a vacuum)

A

Electron Microscope

70
Q

The two types of electron microscope

A

+transmission and scanning

71
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope

A

+Transmits electrons through a thin slice

+Makes a 2D image

72
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope

A

+Scans the surface

+Computer forms a 3D image

73
Q

Dissecting Microscope

A

+Low magnification of 3D objects

+Can view objects too large or thick for a compound microscope

+Has 2 separate lenses

74
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

+Two or more atoms share electrons

+Don’t share equally, causing the molecule to have slight charges

+Forms molecules

75
Q

+Two or more atoms share electrons

+Don’t share equally, causing the molecule to have slight charges

+Forms molecules

A

Covalent Bonds

76
Q

+Made of molecules covalently bonded which makes it have positive and negative ends called polar molecules

+The positive and negative ends attract therefore the molecules attract each other

+Called Van der Waals force

A

Hydrogen Bonds

77
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

+Made of molecules covalently bonded which makes it have positive and negative ends called polar molecules

+The positive and negative ends attract therefore the molecules attract each other

+Called Van der Waals force

78
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

+When atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons they have a charge: called ions

+Ions of opposite charge attract

+don’t share, just get close`

79
Q

+When atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons they have a charge: called ions

+Ions of opposite charge attract

+don’t share, just get close`

A

Ionic Bonds

80
Q

Activation Energy

A

+Energy needed to get a chemical reaction started

81
Q

Exergonic

A

+Energy releasing reactions

82
Q

Endergonic

A

+Energy absorbing reaction

83
Q

Enzyme

A

+Special proteins that start chemical reactions in living things

+Decrease the amount of activation energy

84
Q

+Special proteins that start chemical reactions in living things

+Decrease the amount of activation energy

A

Enzyme

85
Q

Water is a polar molecule and means

A

+Water molecules have covalent bonds, so electrons are not shared equally

+Water molecules are charged: one end is positive, the other is negative

+Opposite charges between water molecules attract forming a hydrogen bond

86
Q

Adhesion

A

+attraction of water to other things

87
Q

+attraction of water to other things

A

Adhesion

88
Q

Cohesion

A

+attraction of water to water

89
Q

+attraction of water to water

A

Cohesion

90
Q

Expands when it freezes

A

+Ice is less dense than water, so it floats

+Allows fish to survive in winter

91
Q

Water is a universal solvent because

A

+Can dissolve many different substances

92
Q

Carbohydrates

A

+Key source of energy, provide structural support

93
Q

+Key source of energy, provide structural support

A

Carbohydrates

94
Q

What are carbohydrates made of

A

+Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (1 Oxygen and 2 Hydrogen for each Carbon)

95
Q

Lipids

A

+Nonpolar molecules that do not dissolve in water

+Stores energy

96
Q

+Nonpolar molecules that do not dissolve in water

+Stores energy

A

Lipids

97
Q

What are lipids made of

A

+Made mostly of Carbon and Hydrogen

98
Q

Proteins

A

+Compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids

+Make up about 15% of the total body mass

+It’s involved in nearly every function of the body

99
Q

+Compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids

+Make up about 15% of the total body mass

+It’s involved in nearly every function of the body

A

Proteins

100
Q

What are proteins made of

A

+AA’s (amino acids) - made of Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and sometimes Sulfur

101
Q

+Store and transmit genetic information

A

Nucleic Acids

102
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

+Store and transmit genetic information

103
Q

What are nucleic acids made of

A

+Made of smaller repeating subunits made of Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphate, Hydrogen called nucleotides

104
Q

Bulbourethral glands

A

+Neutralized traces of acidic urine in the urethra

105
Q

+Neutralized traces of acidic urine in the urethra

A

Bulbourethral glands

106
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

+Cycle during which an egg develops and is released from an ovary and the uterus is prepared to receive a fertilized egg

107
Q

+Cycle during which an egg develops and is released from an ovary and the uterus is prepared to receive a fertilized egg

A

menstrual cycle

108
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

+Tubes which carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and which provides the place where fertilization occurs

109
Q

+Tubes which carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and which provides the place where fertilization occurs

A

Fallopian tubes

110
Q

First Trimester of pregnancy

A

+embryo grows rapidly

+Membranes for protection and nourishment develop

+Placenta develops

+Hearts begins to beat

111
Q

+embryo grows rapidly

+Membranes for protection and nourishment develop

+Placenta develops

+Hearts begins to beat

A

First Trimester of pregnancy

112
Q

Second Trimester of pregnancy

A

+Skeleton begins to form

+Begins to move

+Layer of soft hair (lanugo) grows over the skin

+Fetus begins to wake and sleep

113
Q

+Skeleton begins to form

+Begins to move

+Layer of soft hair (lanugo) grows over the skin

+Fetus begins to wake and sleep

A

Second Trimester of pregnancy

114
Q

+Organs become functional

+Can see light and dark

+Can react to music and loud sounds

+Fat deposits develop to insulate the body

A

Third Trimester of pregnancy

115
Q

Third Trimester of pregnancy

A

+Organs become functional

+Can see light and dark

+Can react to music and loud sounds

+Fat deposits develop to insulate the body

116
Q

Primordial Soup Theory

A

+States that Earth’s oceans contained many different organic molecules that formed spontaneously in chemical reactions activated by energy from solar radiation, volcanic eruptions and lighting

117
Q

+States that Earth’s oceans contained many different organic molecules that formed spontaneously in chemical reactions activated by energy from solar radiation, volcanic eruptions and lighting

A

Primordial Soup Theory

118
Q

Miller and Urey

A

+Made an apparatus to test the primordial soup theory

+Amino acids formed - supported the theory

119
Q

The Bubble Model

A

+Louis Lerman stated that the key processes that formed the chemicals needed for life were in bubbles on the ocean’s surface

120
Q

The bubble model process

A

+Gases were trapped in underwater bubbles

+Gases underwent chemical reactions

+Gases were ejected into the atmosphere

+Gases underwent further reactions

+Simple and complex compounds fell into the ocean

121
Q

+Gases were trapped in underwater bubbles

+Gases underwent chemical reactions

+Gases were ejected into the atmosphere

+Gases underwent further reactions

+Simple and complex compounds fell into the ocean

A

The bubble model process

122
Q

Natural selection

A

+individuals that have physical or behavioral traits that better suit their environment are more likely to survive and will reproduce more successfully than those that do not have such traits.

+Most powerful agent of genetic change

+Changes the frequency of alleles

+It lives to pass on their traits

+Causes evolution

123
Q

+individuals that have physical or behavioral traits that better suit their environment are more likely to survive and will reproduce more successfully than those that do not have such traits.

+Most powerful agent of genetic change

+Changes the frequency of alleles

+It lives to pass on their traits

+Causes evolution

A

Natural selection

124
Q

Gradualism

A

+Gradual change over a long period of time leads to species formation

125
Q

+Gradual change over a long period of time leads to species formation

A

Gradualism

126
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

+Has periods of rapid change in species separated by periods of little or no change

127
Q

+Has periods of rapid change in species separated by periods of little or no change

A

Punctuated Equilibrium

128
Q

Five forces that cause genetic change in a population

A

+Mutation
+Gene flow
+Nonrandom mating
+Genetic drift
+Natural Selection

129
Q

Gene Flow

A

+Random movement of individuals between populations

+Changes the population genetics

+Also called migration

130
Q

Nonrandom Mating

A

+Picking an individual to mate with because of location or phenotype

131
Q

Genetic Drift

A

+Allele frequency is changed by a chance event

132
Q

The biological molecule used in DNA structure

A

+nucleic acid

133
Q

The backbone of DNA double helix

A

+Pentose sugar, phosphate

134
Q

They developed the double helix model of DNA.

A

+Watson and Crick

135
Q

Helped in the modeling of DNA-found double helix structure

A

+Wilkins and Franklin

136
Q

Replication fork

A

+When two strands of a DNA double helix separate so that the DNA molecule can be replicated

137
Q

What enzyme helps seal DNA back up?

A

+DNA polymerase

138
Q

+When two strands of a DNA double helix separate so that the DNA molecule can be replicated

A

Replication fork

139
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

+Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication

+RNA gives a starting point

140
Q

+Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication

+RNA gives a starting point

A

Okazaki fragments

141
Q

RNA functions

A

+Contains instructions for making a protein

142
Q

Biotechnology

A

+The use of living systems to develop products

143
Q

+The use of living systems to develop products

A

Biotechnology

144
Q

What organisms are used for biotech purposes?

A

+Plants, animals, and microbes for human

145
Q

Who is involved with biotechnology?

A

+Scientists, government agencies, companies, farmers, consumer and environmental groups

146
Q

Effects of biotech on the environment

A

+reduced pesticide use

+improved water and soil conservation

+Greater safety for workers and the ecosystems

147
Q

Nonspecific Immunity

A

+1st line of defense, not aimed at a specific antigen

+Helps slow progression of disease while specific immunity develops its defenses

148
Q

+1st line of defense, not aimed at a specific antigen

+Helps slow progression of disease while specific immunity develops its defenses

A

Nonspecific Immunity

149
Q

Antibiotics

A

+Substance that can kill or inhabit the growth of microorganisms

+It takes time, doesn’t prevent spreading of disease

150
Q

+Substance that can kill or inhabit the growth of microorganisms

+It takes time, doesn’t prevent spreading of disease

A

Antibiotics

151
Q

Vaccines

A

Immunization

+Expose the body to an antigen so that primary response will produce memory cells

+Contain killed or weakened pathogens

152
Q

Immunization

+Expose the body to an antigen so that primary response will produce memory cells

+Contain killed or weakened pathogens

A

Vaccines

Biology (3 decks)

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