EOC Review Flashcards
What are the three types of plant cells?
-Parenchyma
-Collenchyma
-Sclerenchyma
-Parenchyma
-Collenchyma
-Sclerenchyma
The three types of plant cells
What are the four types of plant tissues?
-Dermal,
-Ground tissue,
-Vascular
-Meristimatic
-Dermal,
-Ground tissue,
-Vascular
-Meristematic
The four types of plant tissues
Define Xylem
move water with dissolved minerals from roots up
Define Phloem
food carrying tissue (both directions)
The plant organ system consists of
+roots
-stems
-leaves
-flowers
-fruits
-cones
roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and cones are all part of which system
Plant organ system
The plant structure consists of?
-Cambium
-Stomata
-Guard cells
-Seed
-Phloem
-Xylem
The Cambium, Stomata, Guard cells, seed, phloem, and xylem makes up the
Plant structure
Define Angiosperm
Have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (a fruit)
Have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (a fruit)
Angiosperm
Define Gymnosperm
+No flowers or fruits or naked seeds
No flowers or fruits or naked seeds
Gymnosperm
Catabolic
Release energy by breaking down large molecules into small molecules
Release energy by breaking down large molecules into small molecules
Catabolic
Anabolic
use energy released by catabolic pathways to build large molecules from small molecules
Use energy released by catabolic pathways to build large molecules from small molecules
Anabolic
The First stage of photosynthesis
*Light is absorbed by pigments in the thylakoids (in the chloroplast)
–Electrons get excited and jump out
–Water molecules are split to fill the holes
(H holes, O holes gas to breathe)
+Light is absorbed by pigments in the thylakoids (in the chloroplast)
–Electrons get excited and jump out
–Water molecules are split to fill the holes
(H holes, O holes gas to breathe)
First stage of photosynthesis
The second stage of photosynthesis
+Electrons are carried on the ETC
–Electron carrier NADP is waiting at the end of the chain
–Forms NADPH and carries the electron to Stage 3
–ATP is also made for Stage 3
+Electrons are carried on the ETC
–Electron carrier NADP is waiting at the end of the chain
–Forms NADPH and carries the electron to Stage 3
–ATP is also made for Stage 3
Second stage of photosynthesis
The third stage of photosynthesis
(Calvin cycle)
1: 3 molecules of CO2 enter the cycle - each is added to a five carbon compound = 3 six carbon compounds
2: The six carbon compound splits forming a three carbon compound(Now have 6 three carbon compounds)
ATP and NADPH are added, now have 6 three carbon sugars
3: One carbon sugar is taken and used to make glucose
4: The five that are left over regenerate the original five carbon compound - so the cycle can begin again
(Calvin cycle)
1: 3 molecules of CO2 enter the cycle - each is added to a five carbon compound = 3 six carbon compounds
2: The six carbon compound splits forming a three carbon compound(Now have 6 three carbon compounds)
ATP and NADPH are added, now have 6 three carbon sugars
3: One carbon sugar is taken and used to make glucose
4: The five that are left over regenerate the original five carbon compound - so the cycle can begin again
Third stage of photosynthesis
How ATP is made in the second stage of cellular respiration
+Pyruvate is introduced to oxygen in the mitochondria
–Produces 1 CO2, 1 NADH, 1 acetyl-CoA
+At the end H+ and electrons combine with oxygen to form water
+Pyruvate is introduced to oxygen in the mitochondria
–Produces 1 CO2, 1 NADH, 1 acetyl-CoA
+At the end H+ and electrons combine with oxygen to form water
It’s how ATP is made in the second stage of cellular respiration
Passive transport
+No energy needed
+Move from high to low concentration
+With the current
+No energy needed
+Move from high to low concentration
+With the current
Passive transport
Examples of passive transport
–Ex: Diffusion, Osmosis, Ion channels, Facilitated diffusion
Diffusion, Osmosis, Ion channels, and Facilitated diffusion are examples of
Passive transport
Active transport
+Needs energy
+Moves from low concentration to high
+Against the current
+Needs energy
+Moves from low concentration to high
+Against the current
Active transport
Examples of active transport
–Ex: Sodium-potassium pump, Endocytosis, Exocytosis
Sodium-potassium pump, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis are examples of
Active transport
Where does the vesicle come from (active)?
+Carrier protein found in the cell membrane
The role of carrier proteins in facilitated diffusion
+Binds to a substance and carries it across the cell membrane
+Moves the substances without using the cell’s energy
+Binds to a substance and carries it across the cell membrane
+Moves the substances without using the cell’s energy
The role of carrier proteins in facilitated diffusion
Cell Membrane structure
+Made of 2 phospholipid layers (bilayer)
+Other molecules in the membrane (proteins, carbs)
+Made of 2 phospholipid layers (bilayer)
+Other molecules in the membrane (proteins, carbs)
Cell Membrane structure
Nitrogen fixation
+Bacteria bond hydrogen atoms to nitrogen atoms to form ammonia
+Bacteria bond hydrogen atoms to nitrogen atoms to form ammonia
Nitrogen fixation
Where does Nitrogen fixation occur?
–Occurs in soil, water, and nodules on roots of legumes (beans, etc.)
This occurs in soil, water, and nodules on roots of legumes (beans, etc.)
Nitrogen fixation
Littoral zone
+Near shore
+Diverse community
+Shallow, well-lit and warm (photosynthesis)
+Near shore
+Diverse community
+Shallow, well-lit and warm (photosynthesis)
Littoral zone
Limnetic zone
+Near surface, open water
+Well-lit
+Plankton and fish
+Near surface, open water
+Well-lit
+Plankton and fish
Limnetic zone
Profundal zone
+Deep water, no or little light, low oxygen
+Too dark for photosynthesis
+Cold and dense
+Deep water, no or little light, low oxygen
+Too dark for photosynthesis
+Cold and dense
Profundal zone
Intertidal zone
+Where ocean meet land
+Waves and tides constantly change the community
+Where ocean meet land
+Waves and tides constantly change the community
Intertidal zone
Pelagic zone
+Open ocean
+Photic zone: shallow enough for sunlight
+Aphotic zone: sunlight can’t penetrate
+Open ocean
+Photic zone: shallow enough for sunlight
+Aphotic zone: sunlight can’t penetrate
Pelagic zone
Benthic zone
+Sand, silt, dead organisms
+Temperature gets colder with depth
+Few plants and bottom feeding organisms
+Sand, silt, dead organisms
+Temperature gets colder with depth
+Few plants and bottom-feeding organisms
Benthic zone
+Deepest
+Very cold, high pressure, low oxygen, low nutrition
Abyssal zone
Abyssal zone
+Deepest
+Very cold, high pressure, low oxygen, low nutrition
What are the 8 characteristics of life?
- Made of cells
- Displays organization
- Grows and develops
- Reproduces
- Responds to stimuli
- Requires energy
- Maintains homeostasis
- Adaptations evolve over time
- Made of cells
- Displays organization
- Grows and develops
- Reproduces
- Responds to stimuli
- Requires energy
- Maintains homeostasis
- Adaptations evolve over time
The 8 characteristics of life
Theory
+An explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by many observations and experiments over time.
+Culmination of many scientific investigations
+Represents the most powerful explanation scientist have to offer
+An explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by many observations and experiments over time.
+Culmination of many scientific investigations
+Represents the most powerful explanation scientist have to offer
Theory
+Describes relationships under certain conditions in nature
Law
Law
+Describes relationships under certain conditions in nature
Theories do not become laws because
+Theories are well-supported explanations
Laws do not become theories because
+Laws are well-supported descriptions
Compound Light Microscope
+Uses 2 lenses
+A bulb in the base shines light up through the specimen which is mounted on a glass slide
+1st lens collects light, then it travels to 2nd lens (ocular)
+Both magnify the image (lens 1 X lens 2)
+Uses 2 lenses
+A bulb in the base shines light up through the specimen which is mounted on a glass slide
+1st lens collects light, then it travels to 2nd lens (ocular)
+Both magnify the image (lens 1 X lens 2)
Compound Light Microscope
Electron Microscope
+Use beams of electrons not light
+Used in a vacuum
+Produce a high magnification (more than 100,000 X)
+Can show smaller objects
+Cannot view living things (no air in a vacuum)
+Use beams of electrons not light
+Used in a vacuum
+Produce a high magnification (more than 100,000 X)
+Can show smaller objects
+Cannot view living things (no air in a vacuum)
Electron Microscope
The two types of electron microscope
+transmission and scanning
Transmission Electron Microscope
+Transmits electrons through a thin slice
+Makes a 2D image
Scanning Electron Microscope
+Scans the surface
+Computer forms a 3D image
Dissecting Microscope
+Low magnification of 3D objects
+Can view objects too large or thick for a compound microscope
+Has 2 separate lenses
Covalent Bonds
+Two or more atoms share electrons
+Don’t share equally, causing the molecule to have slight charges
+Forms molecules
+Two or more atoms share electrons
+Don’t share equally, causing the molecule to have slight charges
+Forms molecules
Covalent Bonds
+Made of molecules covalently bonded which makes it have positive and negative ends called polar molecules
+The positive and negative ends attract therefore the molecules attract each other
+Called Van der Waals force
Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
+Made of molecules covalently bonded which makes it have positive and negative ends called polar molecules
+The positive and negative ends attract therefore the molecules attract each other
+Called Van der Waals force
Ionic Bonds
+When atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons they have a charge: called ions
+Ions of opposite charge attract
+don’t share, just get close`
+When atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons they have a charge: called ions
+Ions of opposite charge attract
+don’t share, just get close`
Ionic Bonds
Activation Energy
+Energy needed to get a chemical reaction started
Exergonic
+Energy releasing reactions
Endergonic
+Energy absorbing reaction
Enzyme
+Special proteins that start chemical reactions in living things
+Decrease the amount of activation energy
+Special proteins that start chemical reactions in living things
+Decrease the amount of activation energy
Enzyme
Water is a polar molecule and means
+Water molecules have covalent bonds, so electrons are not shared equally
+Water molecules are charged: one end is positive, the other is negative
+Opposite charges between water molecules attract forming a hydrogen bond
Adhesion
+attraction of water to other things
+attraction of water to other things
Adhesion
Cohesion
+attraction of water to water
+attraction of water to water
Cohesion
Expands when it freezes
+Ice is less dense than water, so it floats
+Allows fish to survive in winter
Water is a universal solvent because
+Can dissolve many different substances
Carbohydrates
+Key source of energy, provide structural support
+Key source of energy, provide structural support
Carbohydrates
What are carbohydrates made of
+Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (1 Oxygen and 2 Hydrogen for each Carbon)
Lipids
+Nonpolar molecules that do not dissolve in water
+Stores energy
+Nonpolar molecules that do not dissolve in water
+Stores energy
Lipids
What are lipids made of
+Made mostly of Carbon and Hydrogen
Proteins
+Compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids
+Make up about 15% of the total body mass
+It’s involved in nearly every function of the body
+Compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids
+Make up about 15% of the total body mass
+It’s involved in nearly every function of the body
Proteins
What are proteins made of
+AA’s (amino acids) - made of Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and sometimes Sulfur
+Store and transmit genetic information
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
+Store and transmit genetic information
What are nucleic acids made of
+Made of smaller repeating subunits made of Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphate, Hydrogen called nucleotides
Bulbourethral glands
+Neutralized traces of acidic urine in the urethra
+Neutralized traces of acidic urine in the urethra
Bulbourethral glands
Menstrual cycle
+Cycle during which an egg develops and is released from an ovary and the uterus is prepared to receive a fertilized egg
+Cycle during which an egg develops and is released from an ovary and the uterus is prepared to receive a fertilized egg
menstrual cycle
Fallopian tubes
+Tubes which carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and which provides the place where fertilization occurs
+Tubes which carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and which provides the place where fertilization occurs
Fallopian tubes
First Trimester of pregnancy
+embryo grows rapidly
+Membranes for protection and nourishment develop
+Placenta develops
+Hearts begins to beat
+embryo grows rapidly
+Membranes for protection and nourishment develop
+Placenta develops
+Hearts begins to beat
First Trimester of pregnancy
Second Trimester of pregnancy
+Skeleton begins to form
+Begins to move
+Layer of soft hair (lanugo) grows over the skin
+Fetus begins to wake and sleep
+Skeleton begins to form
+Begins to move
+Layer of soft hair (lanugo) grows over the skin
+Fetus begins to wake and sleep
Second Trimester of pregnancy
+Organs become functional
+Can see light and dark
+Can react to music and loud sounds
+Fat deposits develop to insulate the body
Third Trimester of pregnancy
Third Trimester of pregnancy
+Organs become functional
+Can see light and dark
+Can react to music and loud sounds
+Fat deposits develop to insulate the body
Primordial Soup Theory
+States that Earth’s oceans contained many different organic molecules that formed spontaneously in chemical reactions activated by energy from solar radiation, volcanic eruptions and lighting
+States that Earth’s oceans contained many different organic molecules that formed spontaneously in chemical reactions activated by energy from solar radiation, volcanic eruptions and lighting
Primordial Soup Theory
Miller and Urey
+Made an apparatus to test the primordial soup theory
+Amino acids formed - supported the theory
The Bubble Model
+Louis Lerman stated that the key processes that formed the chemicals needed for life were in bubbles on the ocean’s surface
The bubble model process
+Gases were trapped in underwater bubbles
+Gases underwent chemical reactions
+Gases were ejected into the atmosphere
+Gases underwent further reactions
+Simple and complex compounds fell into the ocean
+Gases were trapped in underwater bubbles
+Gases underwent chemical reactions
+Gases were ejected into the atmosphere
+Gases underwent further reactions
+Simple and complex compounds fell into the ocean
The bubble model process
Natural selection
+individuals that have physical or behavioral traits that better suit their environment are more likely to survive and will reproduce more successfully than those that do not have such traits.
+Most powerful agent of genetic change
+Changes the frequency of alleles
+It lives to pass on their traits
+Causes evolution
+individuals that have physical or behavioral traits that better suit their environment are more likely to survive and will reproduce more successfully than those that do not have such traits.
+Most powerful agent of genetic change
+Changes the frequency of alleles
+It lives to pass on their traits
+Causes evolution
Natural selection
Gradualism
+Gradual change over a long period of time leads to species formation
+Gradual change over a long period of time leads to species formation
Gradualism
Punctuated Equilibrium
+Has periods of rapid change in species separated by periods of little or no change
+Has periods of rapid change in species separated by periods of little or no change
Punctuated Equilibrium
Five forces that cause genetic change in a population
+Mutation
+Gene flow
+Nonrandom mating
+Genetic drift
+Natural Selection
Gene Flow
+Random movement of individuals between populations
+Changes the population genetics
+Also called migration
Nonrandom Mating
+Picking an individual to mate with because of location or phenotype
Genetic Drift
+Allele frequency is changed by a chance event
The biological molecule used in DNA structure
+nucleic acid
The backbone of DNA double helix
+Pentose sugar, phosphate
They developed the double helix model of DNA.
+Watson and Crick
Helped in the modeling of DNA-found double helix structure
+Wilkins and Franklin
Replication fork
+When two strands of a DNA double helix separate so that the DNA molecule can be replicated
What enzyme helps seal DNA back up?
+DNA polymerase
+When two strands of a DNA double helix separate so that the DNA molecule can be replicated
Replication fork
Okazaki fragments
+Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication
+RNA gives a starting point
+Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication
+RNA gives a starting point
Okazaki fragments
RNA functions
+Contains instructions for making a protein
Biotechnology
+The use of living systems to develop products
+The use of living systems to develop products
Biotechnology
What organisms are used for biotech purposes?
+Plants, animals, and microbes for human
Who is involved with biotechnology?
+Scientists, government agencies, companies, farmers, consumer and environmental groups
Effects of biotech on the environment
+reduced pesticide use
+improved water and soil conservation
+Greater safety for workers and the ecosystems
Nonspecific Immunity
+1st line of defense, not aimed at a specific antigen
+Helps slow progression of disease while specific immunity develops its defenses
+1st line of defense, not aimed at a specific antigen
+Helps slow progression of disease while specific immunity develops its defenses
Nonspecific Immunity
Antibiotics
+Substance that can kill or inhabit the growth of microorganisms
+It takes time, doesn’t prevent spreading of disease
+Substance that can kill or inhabit the growth of microorganisms
+It takes time, doesn’t prevent spreading of disease
Antibiotics
Vaccines
Immunization
+Expose the body to an antigen so that primary response will produce memory cells
+Contain killed or weakened pathogens
Immunization
+Expose the body to an antigen so that primary response will produce memory cells
+Contain killed or weakened pathogens
Vaccines
