EOC Review Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
What are the three types of plant cells?
A
-Parenchyma
-Collenchyma
-Sclerenchyma
2
Q
-Parenchyma
-Collenchyma
-Sclerenchyma
A
The three types of plant cells
3
Q
What are the four types of plant tissues?
A
-Dermal,
-Ground tissue,
-Vascular
-Meristimatic
4
Q
-Dermal,
-Ground tissue,
-Vascular
-Meristematic
A
The four types of plant tissues
5
Q
Define Xylem
A
move water with dissolved minerals from roots up
6
Q
Define Phloem
A
food carrying tissue (both directions)
7
Q
The plant organ system consists of
A
+roots
-stems
-leaves
-flowers
-fruits
-cones
8
Q
roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and cones are all part of which system
A
Plant organ system
9
Q
The plant structure consists of?
A
-Cambium
-Stomata
-Guard cells
-Seed
-Phloem
-Xylem
10
Q
The Cambium, Stomata, Guard cells, seed, phloem, and xylem makes up the
A
Plant structure
11
Q
Define Angiosperm
A
Have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (a fruit)
12
Q
Have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (a fruit)
A
Angiosperm
13
Q
Define Gymnosperm
A
+No flowers or fruits or naked seeds
14
Q
No flowers or fruits or naked seeds
A
Gymnosperm
15
Q
Catabolic
A
Release energy by breaking down large molecules into small molecules
16
Q
Release energy by breaking down large molecules into small molecules
A
Catabolic
17
Q
Anabolic
A
use energy released by catabolic pathways to build large molecules from small molecules
18
Q
Use energy released by catabolic pathways to build large molecules from small molecules
A
Anabolic
19
Q
The First stage of photosynthesis
A
*Light is absorbed by pigments in the thylakoids (in the chloroplast)
–Electrons get excited and jump out
–Water molecules are split to fill the holes
(H holes, O holes gas to breathe)
20
Q
+Light is absorbed by pigments in the thylakoids (in the chloroplast)
–Electrons get excited and jump out
–Water molecules are split to fill the holes
(H holes, O holes gas to breathe)
A
First stage of photosynthesis
21
Q
The second stage of photosynthesis
A
+Electrons are carried on the ETC
–Electron carrier NADP is waiting at the end of the chain
–Forms NADPH and carries the electron to Stage 3
–ATP is also made for Stage 3
22
Q
+Electrons are carried on the ETC
–Electron carrier NADP is waiting at the end of the chain
–Forms NADPH and carries the electron to Stage 3
–ATP is also made for Stage 3
A
Second stage of photosynthesis
23
Q
The third stage of photosynthesis
A
(Calvin cycle)
1: 3 molecules of CO2 enter the cycle - each is added to a five carbon compound = 3 six carbon compounds
2: The six carbon compound splits forming a three carbon compound(Now have 6 three carbon compounds)
ATP and NADPH are added, now have 6 three carbon sugars
3: One carbon sugar is taken and used to make glucose
4: The five that are left over regenerate the original five carbon compound - so the cycle can begin again
24
Q
(Calvin cycle)
1: 3 molecules of CO2 enter the cycle - each is added to a five carbon compound = 3 six carbon compounds
2: The six carbon compound splits forming a three carbon compound(Now have 6 three carbon compounds)
ATP and NADPH are added, now have 6 three carbon sugars
3: One carbon sugar is taken and used to make glucose
4: The five that are left over regenerate the original five carbon compound - so the cycle can begin again
A
Third stage of photosynthesis
25
How ATP is made in the second stage of cellular respiration
+Pyruvate is introduced to oxygen in the mitochondria
--Produces 1 CO2, 1 NADH, 1 acetyl-CoA
+At the end H+ and electrons combine with oxygen to form water
26
+Pyruvate is introduced to oxygen in the mitochondria
--Produces 1 CO2, 1 NADH, 1 acetyl-CoA
+At the end H+ and electrons combine with oxygen to form water
It's how ATP is made in the second stage of cellular respiration
27
Passive transport
+No energy needed
+Move from high to low concentration
+With the current
28
+No energy needed
+Move from high to low concentration
+With the current
Passive transport
29
Examples of passive transport
--Ex: Diffusion, Osmosis, Ion channels, Facilitated diffusion
30
Diffusion, Osmosis, Ion channels, and Facilitated diffusion are examples of
Passive transport
31
Active transport
+Needs energy
+Moves from low concentration to high
+Against the current
32
+Needs energy
+Moves from low concentration to high
+Against the current
Active transport
33
Examples of active transport
--Ex: Sodium-potassium pump, Endocytosis, Exocytosis
34
Sodium-potassium pump, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis are examples of
Active transport
35
Where does the vesicle come from (active)?
+Carrier protein found in the cell membrane
36
The role of carrier proteins in facilitated diffusion
+Binds to a substance and carries it across the cell membrane
+Moves the substances without using the cell's energy
37
+Binds to a substance and carries it across the cell membrane
+Moves the substances without using the cell's energy
The role of carrier proteins in facilitated diffusion
38
Cell Membrane structure
+Made of 2 phospholipid layers (bilayer)
+Other molecules in the membrane (proteins, carbs)
39
+Made of 2 phospholipid layers (bilayer)
+Other molecules in the membrane (proteins, carbs)
Cell Membrane structure
40
Nitrogen fixation
+Bacteria bond hydrogen atoms to nitrogen atoms to form ammonia
41
+Bacteria bond hydrogen atoms to nitrogen atoms to form ammonia
Nitrogen fixation
42
Where does Nitrogen fixation occur?
--Occurs in soil, water, and nodules on roots of legumes (beans, etc.)
43
This occurs in soil, water, and nodules on roots of legumes (beans, etc.)
Nitrogen fixation
44
Littoral zone
+Near shore
+Diverse community
+Shallow, well-lit and warm (photosynthesis)
45
+Near shore
+Diverse community
+Shallow, well-lit and warm (photosynthesis)
Littoral zone
46
Limnetic zone
+Near surface, open water
+Well-lit
+Plankton and fish
47
+Near surface, open water
+Well-lit
+Plankton and fish
Limnetic zone
48
Profundal zone
+Deep water, no or little light, low oxygen
+Too dark for photosynthesis
+Cold and dense
49
+Deep water, no or little light, low oxygen
+Too dark for photosynthesis
+Cold and dense
Profundal zone
50
Intertidal zone
+Where ocean meet land
+Waves and tides constantly change the community
51
+Where ocean meet land
+Waves and tides constantly change the community
Intertidal zone
52
Pelagic zone
+Open ocean
+Photic zone: shallow enough for sunlight
+Aphotic zone: sunlight can't penetrate
53
+Open ocean
+Photic zone: shallow enough for sunlight
+Aphotic zone: sunlight can't penetrate
Pelagic zone
54
Benthic zone
+Sand, silt, dead organisms
+Temperature gets colder with depth
+Few plants and bottom feeding organisms
55
+Sand, silt, dead organisms
+Temperature gets colder with depth
+Few plants and bottom-feeding organisms
Benthic zone
56
+Deepest
+Very cold, high pressure, low oxygen, low nutrition
Abyssal zone
57
Abyssal zone
+Deepest
+Very cold, high pressure, low oxygen, low nutrition
58
What are the 8 characteristics of life?
1. Made of cells
2. Displays organization
3. Grows and develops
4. Reproduces
5. Responds to stimuli
6. Requires energy
7. Maintains homeostasis
8. Adaptations evolve over time
59
1. Made of cells
2. Displays organization
3. Grows and develops
4. Reproduces
5. Responds to stimuli
6. Requires energy
7. Maintains homeostasis
8. Adaptations evolve over time
The 8 characteristics of life
60
Theory
+An explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by many observations and experiments over time.
+Culmination of many scientific investigations
+Represents the most powerful explanation scientist have to offer
61
+An explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by many observations and experiments over time.
+Culmination of many scientific investigations
+Represents the most powerful explanation scientist have to offer
Theory
62
+Describes relationships under certain conditions in nature
Law
63
Law
+Describes relationships under certain conditions in nature
64
Theories do not become laws because
+Theories are well-supported explanations
65
Laws do not become theories because
+Laws are well-supported descriptions
66
Compound Light Microscope
+Uses 2 lenses
+A bulb in the base shines light up through the specimen which is mounted on a glass slide
+1st lens collects light, then it travels to 2nd lens (ocular)
+Both magnify the image (lens 1 X lens 2)
67
+Uses 2 lenses
+A bulb in the base shines light up through the specimen which is mounted on a glass slide
+1st lens collects light, then it travels to 2nd lens (ocular)
+Both magnify the image (lens 1 X lens 2)
Compound Light Microscope
68
Electron Microscope
+Use beams of electrons not light
+Used in a vacuum
+Produce a high magnification (more than 100,000 X)
+Can show smaller objects
+Cannot view living things (no air in a vacuum)
69
+Use beams of electrons not light
+Used in a vacuum
+Produce a high magnification (more than 100,000 X)
+Can show smaller objects
+Cannot view living things (no air in a vacuum)
Electron Microscope
70
The two types of electron microscope
+transmission and scanning
71
Transmission Electron Microscope
+Transmits electrons through a thin slice
+Makes a 2D image
72
Scanning Electron Microscope
+Scans the surface
+Computer forms a 3D image
73
Dissecting Microscope
+Low magnification of 3D objects
+Can view objects too large or thick for a compound microscope
+Has 2 separate lenses
74
Covalent Bonds
+Two or more atoms share electrons
+Don't share equally, causing the molecule to have slight charges
+Forms molecules
75
+Two or more atoms share electrons
+Don't share equally, causing the molecule to have slight charges
+Forms molecules
Covalent Bonds
76
+Made of molecules covalently bonded which makes it have positive and negative ends called polar molecules
+The positive and negative ends attract therefore the molecules attract each other
+Called Van der Waals force
Hydrogen Bonds
77
Hydrogen Bonds
+Made of molecules covalently bonded which makes it have positive and negative ends called polar molecules
+The positive and negative ends attract therefore the molecules attract each other
+Called Van der Waals force
78
Ionic Bonds
+When atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons they have a charge: called ions
+Ions of opposite charge attract
+don't share, just get close`
79
+When atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons they have a charge: called ions
+Ions of opposite charge attract
+don't share, just get close`
Ionic Bonds
80
Activation Energy
+Energy needed to get a chemical reaction started
81
Exergonic
+Energy releasing reactions
82
Endergonic
+Energy absorbing reaction
83
Enzyme
+Special proteins that start chemical reactions in living things
+Decrease the amount of activation energy
84
+Special proteins that start chemical reactions in living things
+Decrease the amount of activation energy
Enzyme
85
Water is a polar molecule and means
+Water molecules have covalent bonds, so electrons are not shared equally
+Water molecules are charged: one end is positive, the other is negative
+Opposite charges between water molecules attract forming a hydrogen bond
86
Adhesion
+attraction of water to other things
87
+attraction of water to other things
Adhesion
88
Cohesion
+attraction of water to water
89
+attraction of water to water
Cohesion
90
Expands when it freezes
+Ice is less dense than water, so it floats
+Allows fish to survive in winter
91
Water is a universal solvent because
+Can dissolve many different substances
92
Carbohydrates
+Key source of energy, provide structural support
93
+Key source of energy, provide structural support
Carbohydrates
94
What are carbohydrates made of
+Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (1 Oxygen and 2 Hydrogen for each Carbon)
95
Lipids
+Nonpolar molecules that do not dissolve in water
+Stores energy
96
+Nonpolar molecules that do not dissolve in water
+Stores energy
Lipids
97
What are lipids made of
+Made mostly of Carbon and Hydrogen
98
Proteins
+Compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids
+Make up about 15% of the total body mass
+It's involved in nearly every function of the body
99
+Compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids
+Make up about 15% of the total body mass
+It's involved in nearly every function of the body
Proteins
100
What are proteins made of
+AA's (amino acids) - made of Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and sometimes Sulfur
101
+Store and transmit genetic information
Nucleic Acids
102
Nucleic Acids
+Store and transmit genetic information
103
What are nucleic acids made of
+Made of smaller repeating subunits made of Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphate, Hydrogen called nucleotides
104
Bulbourethral glands
+Neutralized traces of acidic urine in the urethra
105
+Neutralized traces of acidic urine in the urethra
Bulbourethral glands
106
Menstrual cycle
+Cycle during which an egg develops and is released from an ovary and the uterus is prepared to receive a fertilized egg
107
+Cycle during which an egg develops and is released from an ovary and the uterus is prepared to receive a fertilized egg
menstrual cycle
108
Fallopian tubes
+Tubes which carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and which provides the place where fertilization occurs
109
+Tubes which carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and which provides the place where fertilization occurs
Fallopian tubes
110
First Trimester of pregnancy
+embryo grows rapidly
+Membranes for protection and nourishment develop
+Placenta develops
+Hearts begins to beat
111
+embryo grows rapidly
+Membranes for protection and nourishment develop
+Placenta develops
+Hearts begins to beat
First Trimester of pregnancy
112
Second Trimester of pregnancy
+Skeleton begins to form
+Begins to move
+Layer of soft hair (lanugo) grows over the skin
+Fetus begins to wake and sleep
113
+Skeleton begins to form
+Begins to move
+Layer of soft hair (lanugo) grows over the skin
+Fetus begins to wake and sleep
Second Trimester of pregnancy
114
+Organs become functional
+Can see light and dark
+Can react to music and loud sounds
+Fat deposits develop to insulate the body
Third Trimester of pregnancy
115
Third Trimester of pregnancy
+Organs become functional
+Can see light and dark
+Can react to music and loud sounds
+Fat deposits develop to insulate the body
116
Primordial Soup Theory
+States that Earth's oceans contained many different organic molecules that formed spontaneously in chemical reactions activated by energy from solar radiation, volcanic eruptions and lighting
117
+States that Earth's oceans contained many different organic molecules that formed spontaneously in chemical reactions activated by energy from solar radiation, volcanic eruptions and lighting
Primordial Soup Theory
118
Miller and Urey
+Made an apparatus to test the primordial soup theory
+Amino acids formed - supported the theory
119
The Bubble Model
+Louis Lerman stated that the key processes that formed the chemicals needed for life were in bubbles on the ocean's surface
120
The bubble model process
+Gases were trapped in underwater bubbles
+Gases underwent chemical reactions
+Gases were ejected into the atmosphere
+Gases underwent further reactions
+Simple and complex compounds fell into the ocean
121
+Gases were trapped in underwater bubbles
+Gases underwent chemical reactions
+Gases were ejected into the atmosphere
+Gases underwent further reactions
+Simple and complex compounds fell into the ocean
The bubble model process
122
Natural selection
+individuals that have physical or behavioral traits that better suit their environment are more likely to survive and will reproduce more successfully than those that do not have such traits.
+Most powerful agent of genetic change
+Changes the frequency of alleles
+It lives to pass on their traits
+Causes evolution
123
+individuals that have physical or behavioral traits that better suit their environment are more likely to survive and will reproduce more successfully than those that do not have such traits.
+Most powerful agent of genetic change
+Changes the frequency of alleles
+It lives to pass on their traits
+Causes evolution
Natural selection
124
Gradualism
+Gradual change over a long period of time leads to species formation
125
+Gradual change over a long period of time leads to species formation
Gradualism
126
Punctuated Equilibrium
+Has periods of rapid change in species separated by periods of little or no change
127
+Has periods of rapid change in species separated by periods of little or no change
Punctuated Equilibrium
128
Five forces that cause genetic change in a population
+Mutation
+Gene flow
+Nonrandom mating
+Genetic drift
+Natural Selection
129
Gene Flow
+Random movement of individuals between populations
+Changes the population genetics
+Also called migration
130
Nonrandom Mating
+Picking an individual to mate with because of location or phenotype
131
Genetic Drift
+Allele frequency is changed by a chance event
132
The biological molecule used in DNA structure
+nucleic acid
133
The backbone of DNA double helix
+Pentose sugar, phosphate
134
They developed the double helix model of DNA.
+Watson and Crick
135
Helped in the modeling of DNA-found double helix structure
+Wilkins and Franklin
136
Replication fork
+When two strands of a DNA double helix separate so that the DNA molecule can be replicated
137
What enzyme helps seal DNA back up?
+DNA polymerase
138
+When two strands of a DNA double helix separate so that the DNA molecule can be replicated
Replication fork
139
Okazaki fragments
+Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication
+RNA gives a starting point
140
+Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication
+RNA gives a starting point
Okazaki fragments
141
RNA functions
+Contains instructions for making a protein
142
Biotechnology
+The use of living systems to develop products
143
+The use of living systems to develop products
Biotechnology
144
What organisms are used for biotech purposes?
+Plants, animals, and microbes for human
145
Who is involved with biotechnology?
+Scientists, government agencies, companies, farmers, consumer and environmental groups
146
Effects of biotech on the environment
+reduced pesticide use
+improved water and soil conservation
+Greater safety for workers and the ecosystems
147
Nonspecific Immunity
+1st line of defense, not aimed at a specific antigen
+Helps slow progression of disease while specific immunity develops its defenses
148
+1st line of defense, not aimed at a specific antigen
+Helps slow progression of disease while specific immunity develops its defenses
Nonspecific Immunity
149
Antibiotics
+Substance that can kill or inhabit the growth of microorganisms
+It takes time, doesn't prevent spreading of disease
150
+Substance that can kill or inhabit the growth of microorganisms
+It takes time, doesn't prevent spreading of disease
Antibiotics
151
Vaccines
Immunization
+Expose the body to an antigen so that primary response will produce memory cells
+Contain killed or weakened pathogens
152
Immunization
+Expose the body to an antigen so that primary response will produce memory cells
+Contain killed or weakened pathogens
Vaccines
