Unit 10: Behavioral, Cognitive, Systemic, Brief, And Crisis Theories Of Counselling Flashcards
Describe the view of human nature with behavioural therapy
Concentrate on behavioural processes, those processes closely associated with overt behaviour.
Focuses on the here and now as opposed to the then and there of behaviour.
An assumption that all behaviour is learned, whether it be adaptive or maladaptive.
A belief that learning can be effective in changing maladaptive behaviour.
A focus on setting up well-defined therapy goals with clients.
A rejection of the idea that the human personality is composed of treats.
Stress the importance of obtaining empirical evidence and scientific support for any techniques used. Those who embrace the social-cognitive form of learning, stress that people acquire new knowledge and behaviour by observing other people and events without engaging in the behaviour themselves and without any direct consequences to themselves.
Describe the role of the counsellor in behavioural therapy
The counsellor is active in counselling sessions in helping the client learn, unlearn, or relearn specific ways of behaving. The counsellor function as a consultant, teacher, advisor, reinforcer, and facilitator and may even instructor supervise support people in the clients environment who are assisting in the change process.
Describe the goals of behavioural therapy
Want to help clients make good adjustments to life circumstances and achieve personal and professional objectives. The focus is on modifying or illuminating the maladaptive behaviours that client displayed, while helping them acquire healthy, constructive ways of acting
A technique in behavioural therapy that uses those events that, when they follow a behavior, increase the probability of the behaviour repeating. May be either positive or negative
Use of reinforcers
A technique used in behavioural therapy in which behaviour is learned gradually in steps through successive approximations. When clients are learning new skills, counsellors may break down behaviour into manageable units
Shaping
A technique used in behavioural therapy that involves the display of behaviours in environments outside where they were originally learned. It indicates that transference into another setting has occurred
Generalization
A technique used in behavioural therapy that means the elimination of a behaviour because of a withdrawal of its reinforcement. Few individuals will continue doing something that is not rewarding
Extinction
Technique used in behavioural therapy that involves presenting an aversive stimulus to a situation to suppress or eliminate a behaviour
Punishment
A technique used in behavioural therapy that is designed to help clients overcome anxiety in particular situations. A client is asked to describe a situation that causes anxiety and then to rank the situation and related events on a hierarchical scale from those aspects that cause no concern to those that are most troublesome. The counsellor teaches the client to relax physically and mentally while reviewing the hierarchy starting with low anxiety items until they’re able to remain calm even when thinking about or imagining the event that used to create the most anxiety.
Systematic desensitization
What are two strengths and two limitations of the behavioural approach
Strengths: deals directly with symptoms. Because most clients seek help for specific problems, counsellors who work directly with symptoms are often able to assist them immediately.
Offers numerous techniques for counsellors to use
Supported by good research
Limitations: does not deal with the total person, just explicit behaviour.
Best demonstrated under controlled conditions that may be difficult to replicate in normal counselling situations.
Does not consider developmental stages
Thoughts, beliefs, and internal images that people have about events in their lives
Cognitions
These theories focus on mental processes and their influences on mental health and behavior. The premise is that how people think largely determines how they feel and behave
Cognitive counselling theories
What is the view of human nature for rational emotive behavioural therapy REBT
Believe that people have both self-interest and social interest and assumes that people are inherently rational and irrational, sensible and crazy. This duality is biologically inherent and perpetuated unless a new way of thinking is learned.
People have within themselves the means to control their thoughts, feelings, and actions, but they must first realize what they are telling themselves, their self talk, to gain command of their lives. This is a matter of personal, conscious awareness. The unconscious mind is not included
What is the role of the counsellor in REBT
Counsellors are active and direct. They are instructors who teach and correct the clients cognitions. They must listen carefully for a logical or faulty statements from their clients and change beliefs. They need to be bright, knowledgeable, empathetic, respectful, genuine, concrete, persistent, scientific, interested in helping others, and users themselves of the therapy
What are the goals in rational emotive behavioural therapy?
Helping people realize that they can live more rational and productive lives. Helps clients stop making demands and becoming upset do you catastrophizing. Helping them avoid having more of an emotional response to an event that is warranted.
Helps people learn how to recognize an emotional anatomy, to learn how feelings are attached to thoughts.
Also encourages clients to be more tolerant of themselves and others and urges them to achieve personal goals
A primary technique used in REBT that involves having clients learn the basic ideas of REBT and understand how thoughts are linked with emotions and behaviors. This procedure is directive and is generally known as rational emotive education
Teaching
A technique primary to REBT in which thoughts and beliefs are challenged and takes one of three forms, cognitive, imaginal, and behavioural
Disputing
In rational emotive behavioural therapy, involves the use of direct questions, logical reasoning, and persuasion
Cognitive disputation
In REBT, this involves using a clients ability to imagine and employs a technique known as rational emotive imagery
Imaginal disputation
In REBT, this involves behaving in a way that is the opposite of the clients usual way, including roll-plane and the completion of a homework assignment in which a client actually does activities previously thought impossible to do. May take the form of bibliotherapy, in which clients read self-help books
Behavioural disputation
What are two strengths and two weaknesses of REBT?
Strengths: is clear, easily learned, and effective.
Can be easily combined with other behavioural techniques to help client more fully experience what they’re learning.
Relatively short term and clients may continue to use the approach on a self-help basis
Limitations: cannot be used effectively with individuals who have mental problems or limitations, such as schizophrenics and those with severe thought disorders
The approach is direct, and the potential for the counsellor being overzealous and not as therapeutic as would be ideal is a real possibility
What is the view of human nature for reality therapy?
Focussed on consciousness: human beings operate on a conscious level, they are not driven by unconscious forces or instincts.
Everyone has a health/growth force manifested on two levels: the physical and the psychological. Physically, there is the need to obtain life-sustaining the set cities such as food, water, and shelter and use them. The psychological needs include the need for identity, the development of A psychologically healthy sense of self. Identity needs are met by being accepted as a person by others.
Human learning is a life-long process based on choice. If individuals do not learn something early in life, they can choose to learn it later and in the process may change their identity and the way they behave
What is the role of the counsellor in reality therapy?
Serves primarily as a teacher and model, accepting the client in a warm, involved way, and creating an environment in which counselling can take place.
The counsellor immediately seeks to build a relationship with the client by developing trust to friendliness, firmness, and fairness. There is an emphasis on choice, on what the client chooses to do. Their interaction focusses on behaviours that the client would like to change and ways to go about making these desires a reality. It emphasizes positive, constructive actions
What are the goals of reality therapy?
To help clients become psychologically strong and rational and realize they have choices in the ways they treat themselves and others.
Help clients clarify what they want in life. Is the clients responsibility to choose behaviours that fulfil personal needs.
Help the client formulate a realistic plan to achieve personal needs and wishes.
Have the counsellor become involved with the client in a meaningful relationship.
To focus on behaviour and the present.
Aims to eliminate punishment and excuses from the clients life.
Describe the techniques used in reality therapy
Uses action-oriented techniques that help clients realize they have choices and how they respond to events and people and that others do not control them any more than they control others.
Some effective techniques include teaching, employing humor, confronting, role-playing, offering feedback, formulating specific plans, and composing contracts.
Uses the W DET system as a way of helping counsellors and clients make progress and employ techniques: W stands for wants, the counsellor find out what clients want and what they have been doing and in turn, share their wants for and perceptions of the clients situations The D involves clients further exploring the direction of their lives. East End for a valuation where clients are helped to evaluate their behaviours and how responsible their personal behaviours are. P stands for plan, a client concentrate on making a plan for changing behaviours which stresses actions that the client will take, not behaviours that he or she will eliminate
Describe two strengths and two limitations of reality therapy
Strengths: versatile and can be applied to many different populations. Especially appropriate in the treatment of conduct disorders, substance-abuse disorders, impulse control disorders, personality disorders, and antisocial behaviour.
The approach is concrete, both counsellor and client are able to assess how much progress is being made.
Short term.
Limitations: emphasizes the here and now of behavior so much that it sometimes ignores other concepts, such as the unconscious and personal history.
Susceptible to becoming overly moralistic.
Depends on verbal interaction and has limitations and helping clients who cannot adequately express their needs, options, and plans
