Unit 10 Ap Psych Flashcards
An individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Personality
Freud s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
Psychoanalysis
According to Freud, an area of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
Unconscious
Pleasure principle, area of personality set to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, what’s immediate gratification
Id
Punches, mediates among the id and super ego. The personality the world sees. Reality principle.
Ego
Represents internalized, and provides standards for judgment. Moral principle.
Superego
0-1
Children derive pleasure from oral activities, including sucking and tasting. They like to put things in their mouth
Oral STAGE
2-3
Children begin potty training
Anal Stage
3-6
Boys are more attracted to their mother, while girls are more attracted to their father
Phallic stage
6 years old to puberty
Children spend more time and interact mostly with same sex peers
Latency stage
Beyond puberty
Individuals are attracted to opposite sex peers
Genital stage
Why does the ego use defense mechanisms
To reduce the anxiety and guilt caused by the conflict between the id and superego
A defense mechanics, that is automatic, no conscious thought, ejection or rejections of traumatic or negative desires and thoughts
Repression
Defense mechanism where an individual consciously retreats back to an infantile reaction, or time period
Regression
A defense mechanism where an individual refuses to accept the truth
Denial
A defense mechanism where an individual says or does the opposite of what they’ re actually thinking
Reaction formation
A defense mechanism where an individual projects or directs their weaknesses onto other people
Projection
A defense mechanism where an individual provides justifications, or excuses, to make behaviors or thoughts acceptable
Rationalization
A defense mechanism where an individual takes out their anger or feelings on a less threatening target- someone or something that cannot fight back
Displacement
A defense mechanism that occurs when socially acceptable impulses are transformed into socially acceptable behaviors
Sublimation
A defense mechanism that occurs when an individual attempts to erase a negative action with a positive one
Undoing
Carl Jung
Neo- Freudian
Collective Unconscious- Shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our history
Karen Horney
Neo-Freudian
Social relationships
Moving toward relationships
Moving against relationships
Moving away relationships
Alfred Adler
Neo-Freudian
Inferiority complex- Motivation and desire to overcome childhood inferiorities through being superior in life during adulthood
Personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics
Projective tests
Most widely used projective test- usually a set of 10 inkblots that seek to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations
- Herman Rorschach
Rorschach Test
Thematic Apperception Test- Given ambiguous scene, interpret their inner feelings through the story they create from the theme
TAT Test
Helps people reach their human potential through development of a healthy self-concept, emphasis of free will. Our personality is designed to provide a potential for personal growth.
Humanistic Psychology
Desire to become the most that one can be
Self-actualization
Respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom
Esteem
Friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection
Love and belonging
Personal security, employment, resources, health, property
Safety needs
Air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction
Physiological needs
Carl Rogers
Humanist
-Person- centered- perspective
-Growth-promoting climate requires
- Genuineness
- Acceptance- Unconditional Positive Regard
- Empathy
Open with their feelings, drop their facades, and are transparent and self-disclosing
Genuineness
An attitude of grace that values us even knowing our failings
Unconditional positive regard
Individuals share and mirror others feelings and reflect their meanings
Empathy
Martin Selligman
Humanist
-Authentic happiness
- 5 main themes: Positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning and purpose, accomplishment
-Learned helplessness
- Positive Psychology
- dog test
Characteristic patterns or predispositions to behave analytic measure to personality
Traits
Gordon Allport
- Source traits- few in number and considered to be the roots or source of personality (Core memories)
- Surface traits- Traits easily observed by other people that may not actually describe who the person really is
Raymond Cattell
Factor Analysis- mathematical formula that shows how traits will predict personality
- developed 16 personality factor test
McRae and Costa
CANOE
Conscientiousness
Organized or disorganized
Agreeableness
Trusting or suspicious
Openness
Imaginative or practical
Neuroticism
Calm or anxious
Extraversion
Affectionate or reserved
Hans Eysenck
3 dimensions or biological traits
- extraversion
- neuroticism
- psychoticism dimension- overall welfare for other people
Friedmans Type A vs Type B
Type A- ambitious, competitive, aggressive
Type B- patient, flexible, laid-back
Managerial Style
Theory X- Managers believe that workers need a hands on management style
Theory Y- Managers believ that workers are self-motivating and don’t need a hands on approach
Objective tests
Trait psychologists will use objective tests to study individuals- direct questions that have direct answers, multiple choice, true false
- MMPI
- MBTI
MMPI
Most widely used objective test
MBTI
studied by Isabel Briggs Myers, 16 distinct personalities
Albert Bandura
Social Cognitive perspective
- Reciprocal Determinism
- Self- Efficacy
Reciprocal Determinism
Personality is the result of cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors
Self-Efficacy
Belief or opinion a person has about him or herself, will influence personality
Julian Rotter
Social Cognitive Perspecive
- Expectancies
- External Locus of Control
- Internal Locus of Control
Expectancies
Our expectations of the outcome of a situation
External Locus of Control
Outside influences control your environment, and you have little control
Internal Locus of Conteol
You Control your own environment, Faye
Learned Helplessness
Hopelessness in the situation
positive psychology
Optimism and helping people work more effectively through difficulties and becoming successful
Abraham Maslow
- hierarchy of needs
Self actualization, Esteem, love and belonging, safety needs, physiological needs
a common tenet of psychoanalysis that allows clients to speak for themselves. allows the therapist to figure out the client’s unconscious motives and desires.
Free association
slender waists, narrow hips and shoulders, small joints, and long legs and arms
Ectomorphs
They have a wide waist and hips and large bones, though they may or may not be overweight. Their weight is often in their hips, thighs, and lower abdomen.
Endomorphs
moderate-size frames, with wider shoulders and a narrow waist, strong arms and legs, and modest amounts of body fat.
Mesomorphs
young girls experience anxiety upon realization that they do not have a penis.
Penis envy
suggesting that male envy of pregnancy, nursing, and motherhood—of women’s primary role in creating and sustaining life—led men to claim their superiority in other fields.
Womb envy
an individual’s tendency to attribute positive events to their character, but attribute negative results or events to external factors unrelated to themselves and their faults.
Self serving bias
Humanistic vs psychoanalysis
Humanistic psychology emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization, while psychodynamic psychology focuses on unconscious motives and conflicts.
