Unit 10...

Question 1

Describe a pathogen

Answer 1

a disease-causing
organism

Question 2

Describe a transmissible disease

Answer 2

a disease in
which the pathogen can be passed from one host
to another

Question 3

State the ways a pathogen can be transmitted

Answer 3

(a) by direct contact, including through blood
and other body fluids
(b) indirectly, including from contaminated
surfaces, food, animals and air

Question 4

Describe the body defences

Answer 4

skin, hairs in the nose, mucus, stomach acid and white blood cells

Question 5

5 ways to prevent disease

Answer 5

(a) a clean water supply
(b) hygienic food preparation
(c) good personal hygiene
(d) waste disposal
(e) sewage treatment (details of the stages of
sewage treatment are not required)

Question 5

why are these important in preventing disease?
(a) a clean water supply
(b) hygienic food preparation
(c) good personal hygiene
(d) waste disposal
(e) sewage treatment (details of the stages of
sewage treatment are not required)

Answer 5

clean water supply: contaminated and wide spread water could lead to numerous casualties
hygienic food preparation: contaminated food
good personal hygiene: direct transmissible disease
waste disposal:
sewage treatment: cholera.

Question 6

Describe active immunity

Answer 6

defence against a pathogen by antibody production in the body.
is gained after infection by a pathogen, or after vaccination
memory cells are produced

Question 7

each pathogen has its own ________, which have s______ s_____.

Answer 7

each pathogen has its own antigens,
which have specific shapes

Question 8

Describe antibodies

Answer 8

proteins that bind
to antigens leading to direct destruction
of pathogens or marking of pathogens for
destruction by phagocytes

Question 9

specific antibodies have c____________ s______ which fit s_______ antigens

Answer 9

specific antibodies have
complementary shapes which fit specific antigens

Question 10

active immunity is gained after an i________ by a p_______ or by v__________.

Answer 10

active immunity is gained after an
infection by a pathogen or by vaccination

Question 11

Outline the process of vaccination:

Answer 11

a) weakened pathogens or their antigens are
put into the body
(b) the antigens stimulate an immune response
by lymphocytes which produce antibodies
(c) memory cells are produced that give
long-term immunity

Question 12

Explain the role of vaccination in controlling the spread of diseases

Answer 12

builds immunity

Question 12

explain passive immunity

Answer 12

passive immunity is a short-term
defence against a pathogen by antibodies
acquired from another individual, including
across the placenta and in breast milk
memory cells are not produced.

Question 13

Are memory cells producing in active OR passive immunity?

Answer 13

ACTIVE !!

Question 13

Explain the importance of breast-feeding for the development of passive immunity in infants

Answer 13

important for new-borns: get all antibodies from the mother

Question 14

Describe cholera

Answer 14

cholera is a disease caused by bacterium which is transmitted through contaminated water

Question 15

cholera bacterium produces a _____ that causes _______ of ______ ions into the _____ intestine, causing _____ movement of water into the ___, causing diarrhoea, d________ and loss of ____ from the blood.

Answer 15

cholera bacterium produces a
toxin that causes secretion of chloride ions into the small intestine, causing osmotic movement of water into the gut, causing diarrhoea, dehydration and loss of ions from the blood