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Biology > Asexual and Sexual Reproduction > Flashcards

Asexual and Sexual Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define asexual reproduction

A

A process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent

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2
Q

What type of cell division (mitosis or meiosis) is used for asexual reproduction?

A

Mitosis is used for asexual reproduction

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3
Q

What types of organisms can reproduce asexually?

A

Mainly bacteria, fungo, small plants and animals. Also potatoes, bulbs.

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4
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  1. faster
  2. requires less energy
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5
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A

offspring are all genetically identical. reproduction does not produce genetic variation

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6
Q

Describe fertilisation

A

the fusion of the nuclei of
gametes

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7
Q

Define sexual reproduction

A

A process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote and producing offspring that are genetically different from one another

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8
Q

What type of cell division is used in sexual reproduction?

A

Gametes are formed by meiosis, zygote divides by mitosis

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9
Q

What are the male and female gametes in, in animals?

A

Sperm and egg cell (ovum)

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10
Q

What are the male and female gametes in, in plants?

A

Pollen and Egg cell

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11
Q

gametes are formed by _________, a type of cell division which produces cells with _______ the chromosome numbers.

A

meiosis, half

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12
Q

nuclei of gametes are h______ and the nucleus of a zygote is d______.

A

nuclei of gametes are HAPLOID and the nucleus of a zygote is DIPLOID.

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13
Q

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
sexual reproduction:
(a) to a population of a species in the wild
(b) to crop production

A
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14
Q

Define self-pollination

A

the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or a different flower on the same plant

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15
Q

Define cross-pollination

A

cross pollination increases genetic variation

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16
Q

Discuss the potential effects of self-pollination
and cross-pollination on a population, in terms of
variation, capacity to respond to changes in the
environment and reliance on pollinators

A
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17
Q

fertilisation occurs when a p_____ nucleus f____ with a nucleus in an o______.

A

fertilisation occurs when a POLLEN nucleus FUSES with a nucleus in an OVULE

18
Q

Describe the structural adaptations of
insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers

A
19
Q

Define fertilisation

A

the fusion of the nuclei from a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg cell)

20
Q

Explain the adaptive features of sperm, limited
to: flagellum, mitochondria and enzymes in the
acrosome

A
21
Q

What happens to the zygote in early development?

A

the zygote
forms an embryo which is a ball of cells that
implants into the lining of the uterus

22
Q

What can pass across the placenta and affect the foetus?

A

some pathogens and toxins

23
Q

Describe the roles of testosterone and oestrogen
in the development and regulation of secondary
sexual characteristics during puberty

A

thumbs up

24
Q

Describe the menstrual cycle in terms of changes
in the ovaries and in the lining of the uterus

A

uterus lining will become thicker in preparation for an embryo potentially implanting. if no implantation occurs, the lining is shed during menstruation and the cycle repeats.

25
Q

Describe the sites of production of oestrogen
and progesterone in the menstrual cycle and in
pregnancy

A

produced in the ovaries and pituitary glands.

26
Q

explain the role of FSH

A

fsh (follicle stimulating hormone)
- stimulates egg manipulation in the follicles of the ovary
- stimulates follicles in the ovaries to secrete oestrogen

27
Q

Define a sexually transmitted infection

A

an infection that is transmitted through sexual contact

28
Q

the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is…

A

a pathogen that causes an STI

29
Q

HIV infections may lead to ____S.

A
30
Q

Describe the methods of transmission of HIV

A
31
Q

Explain how the spread of STIs is controlled

A
32
Q

Gametes are said to be h_______. This means that they have a single set of chromosomes. In humans this means they have 23 chromosomes

A

HAPLOID

33
Q

Parts of a male flower

A

Stamen and anther

34
Q

what do stamen consist of?

A

filament

35
Q

parts of a female flower

A

carpel, style, ovary, and ovules

36
Q

What do carpel consist of?

A

stigma (sticky opening)

37
Q

What is a style?

A

long tube connecting stigma to ovary

38
Q

What does the ovary do? (relevant to flowers)

A

houses ovules; becomes fruit

39
Q

What is the function of ovules?

A

develop female gametes; become seeds

40
Q

explain the role of LH

A

at its peak, stimulates the uterus to develop a lining (to replace the lining lost during menstruation)
results in the formation of a corpus luteum

41
Q

explain the role of oestrogen

A

stimulates the uterus to develop a lining (to replace the lining lost during menstruation)
post-ovulation, inhibits FSH and LH production in the pituitary gland

Biology (9 decks)

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