Unit 1: Transformation of North America Flashcards

Question

European Hierarchy

Answer 1

Kings and princes owned large tracts of land, lived off of peasant labor local nobles owned large estates and controlled many families, challenged royal authority patriarchy primogeniture established institutions, nobility, church, and village

Answer 2

Property and social identity descended in male family liens males were the head of the house, justified by the teaching of the Christian Church Fathers bestowed all their land to their eldest son - Primogeniture

Answer 3

Farmworkers who lived in small villages farming rights on manorial lands were given in exchange for labor, serfs

Answer 4

Life followed the seasons

Answer 5

Arab scholars carried on the legacy of the Byzantine civilization 12th century, Italian merchants pushed their way into Arab-dominated trade routes

Answer 6

States governed by merchant coalitionsc

Answer 7

Ideology that priased public virue and service to the state influenced European and American conception of government

Answer 8

Arts and learning associated with this cultural transformation during the 1300-1450

Answer 9

Profitable commerce wealthy merchants, bankers, and textile manufacturers expanded trade, lent money, spurred technological innovation in silk and wool production

Answer 10

Economic revolution in Italy spread to northern and western Europe Hanseatic League - allaince of merchant communities merchant and artisans began to dominate growing cities and towns power of merchants rivaled kings and nobles rise of commerce favored the power of kings, kings forged alliances with merchants, granted privileges to guids, safeguarded commercial transactions encouraged domestic manufacturing and foregin trade

Answer 11

Natural world was animated by spriitual forces wise men and women developed ritual pagan traditions

Answer 12

Converted to Christianity Christianity became Rome's official religion Temples were remade into churches noblemen converted religions

Answer 13

Natural world was flawed and fallen spiritual power came from outside nature religious calendar that transformed animist festivals Taught that Satan was constantly tempting People to sin Tools of Satan - people who spread Heresay Suppressing false doctrines was an obligation of Christian rulers

Answer 14

Christian rulers were obligated to combat Islam Islam expansion threatened European Christendom After Muhammad's death, Arab people spread Muslim faith

Answer 15

AD 1096-1291, Christian armies undertook a series of Crusades to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands led by the pope and Christian monarchs Knights Templar and Teutonic Knights

Answer 16

Religious warfare intensified European Christian identity prompted persecution of Jews Introduced trade routes along the Silk Road and the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean Europeans began to conquer eastern Mediterranean experimented with raising sugar previously isolated Europe was introduced to the wider world

Answer 17

German monk and professor who took up the cause of reform in the catholic church "Ninety-Five", condemned the Church for corrupt practices downplayed the role of the clergy as mediators between God and believers Believed people should look to the Bible Translated Bible into German

Answer 18

French theologian established a rigorous Protestant regime stressed human weakness and Gods omnipotence "Institute of the Christian Religion" 1536, depicted god as an absolute sovereign doctrine of predestination

Answer 19

War between the Holy Roman Empire and the northern principalities in Germany controversy between the Roman Catholic Church and radical reformers like Luther and Calvin spread throughout much of Western Europe

Answer 20

Within the Catholic Church, sought change and created new monastic and missionary orderso

Answer 21

Spain, Portugal, France sought to win souls in the Americas for Church

Answer 22

England, Netherlands viewed the catholic church as corrupt wanted to create godly communities for the true gospel of Christianity

Answer 23

Sahel, flat , semiarid zone Savanna, grassland region Tropical rain forest

Answer 24

Eastern end of West Africa cattle, domesticated sorghum and millet, distinct pottery, techniques for copper and iron own tradition of monotheism stratified states

Answer 25

AD 800 domesticated camel for trade routes

Answer 26

13th century

Answer 27

15th century

Answer 28

Composed of smaller vassal kingdoms relied on military might to control their trade routes

Answer 29

Cornerstone of power and indispensable medium of international trade

Answer 30

10th emperor of Mali, devout Muslim 1326, pilgrimage to Mecca spent much gold

Answer 31

Carried goods from the south to the north primary avenue of trade for West Africans

Answer 32

Coastal trade

Answer 33

Akan states

Answer 34

Bight of Benin early center of the slave trade

Answer 35

Learned of Islam from Arab Merchants and imams Knew the Koran and worshipped a single God Most West Africans, multiple gods, spirits wise men and women Sudanic tradition of divine kingship large households

Answer 36

Commercial center on the Niger River center of Islamic learning and instruction

Answer 37

Sought a maritime route to the source of Arab merchant's trade in West Africa discovered a way into the Atlantic, colonized the Madeira and Azore Islands

Answer 38

Diseases, yellow fever, malaria, dysentery

Answer 39

Rounded the Cape of Good Hope

Answer 40

Reached east Africa in 1497 and India Set up fortified trading posts at key points around the Indian Ocean, Indonesia, and along the coast of China sparked the momentous growth of European power and wealth Portuguese and the Dutch replaced the Arabs as leaders in Asian Commerce

Answer 41

Portuguese Traders ousted Arab merchants as the prime purveyors of African slaves coerced labor slaves were a key commodity of exchange central to the trans-Saharan trade

Answer 42

Cheap labor on their sugar plantations

Answer 43

Saw national unity and foreign commerce as the key to power and prosperity completed the Reconquista launched inquisition against heretics and expelled jews and Muslims

Answer 44

Believed the Atlantic Ocean was a narrow channel of water separating Europe from Asia Set sail in Agust 1942 Reached the "Indies", colonized the West Indies

Answer 45

America named after him explored the coast of present day South America

Answer 46

Explored the coast of Florida in 1513

Answer 47

First European to see the Pacific Ocean

Answer 48

1519, led army to the Yucatan Peninsula, marched on Tenochtitlan and challenged Moctezuma captured the city 1521, toppled the Aztec Empire conquered Mayan-city states

Answer 49

Disease that ravaged Tenochtitlan and Inca population, weakened them and made them easy to conquer

Answer 50

1524, set out to conquer Inca in Peru 1535, completed conquest

Answer 51

Spain was the master of the wealthiest and populous regions of the western hemisphere

Answer 52

1500, discovered Ihla da Vera Cruz, named Brazil

Answer 53

1530s, sent settlers who cared out sugar plantations

Answer 54

Form of estate agriculture using slave labor that was pioneered by Italian merchants and crusading knights in the 12th century

Answer 55

The ownership of human beings as property

Answer 56

Colonists sought to replicate conomies and social structures they knew at home

Answer 57

Influence of Spain's Conquest of the Aztecs and Inca Empires