mega super Flashcards
The primary avenue of trade for West Africans before European traders connected them to the Atlantic World. It carried slaves to the New World sugar plantations in the Spanish West Indies, Rum and Molasses to the English Colonies, and commodities sent from England.
Triangular Trade
A grant of Indian labor in Spanish America given in the 16th Century by Spanish kings to prominent men.
Encomiendas
The massive global exchange of living things, including people, animals, plants, and diseases, between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres that began after the voyages of Columbus
Columbian Exchange
Economic philosophy or practice in which England established the colonies to provide raw materials to the Mother country; the colonies receive manufactured goods in return.
Mercantilism
First constitution in the colonies drafted that stated a government’s authority rests upon the consent of the governed and expressed the will of the majority.
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
English laws passed beginning in the 1650s requiring that certain English colonial goods be shipped through English ports on English ships, manned by English sailors in order to benefit English merchants, shippers, and seamen.
Navigation Acts
British colonial policy during the Reign of George I and George II. By relaxing their supervision of internal colonial affairs, royal bureaucrats inadvertently assisted in the rise of self-government in North America
Salutary Neglect
First of the many mini legislatures created by the Colonies that started the tradition of Salutary Neglect and home rule.
Virginia House of Burgesses
Used by Puritan Churches to bolster attendance but also keep political leadership under the control of respectable families. Conversion needed but not “regeneration” to be a member of the congregation.
Halfway Covenant
Disgruntled Virginia (Chesapeake) colonial farmers attempted to overthrow the Governor. Berkeley in 1676 because of economic hardship and perceived failure with Indian raids and lack of women that could be married.
Bacon’s Rebellion
The league of Indian tribes in the Northeast that fought with the English in the French-Indian War and supported the Loyalists in the American Revolution.
Iroquois Confederation
Old: Conservative ministers opposed to the passion displayed by evangelical preachers. New: Evangelical preachers who emphasized the importance of spiritual rebirth. Established Princeton, Columbia, Brown, and Rutgers Universities.
Old Lights/New Lights
Banished dissenters who questioned the laws mandated by the church. Including Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson
Puritan Dissenters
During the French and Indian war, Ben Franklin attempted to unify the colonies behind Great Britain in its war against France.
Albany Congress
A line drawn by the British government that forbade colonists from settling the western lands won after the French and Indian War.
Proclamation of 1763
Prior to the American Revolution, the British instituted this act which taxed all transactions involving paper without colonial consent. No other act outraged all 13 colonies than this one.
Stamp Act
1770, street clash between townspeople and Irish soldiers ordered to guard British custom houses. Led to the deaths of 5 colonists
Boston Massacre
Organized by Massachusetts in 1772 its purpose was to keep a close watch on the British and report any violations on individual rights.
Committees of Correspondence
Major religious revival (1740-1750) prior to the American Revolution that furthered individualism, opposed established authority and furthered American nationalism.
Great Awakening
Named after the British political leader who wrongly believed that this external “tax” or “duty” would be accepted by the colonies.
Townshend Acts
Organized by the Sons of Liberty, it involved the willful destruction of crates of British tea. It was a direct response to British taxation policies in the North American colonies. This group eventually forced the British to pass the Coercive Acts in 1775.
Boston Tea Party
A secret organization that was created in the Thirteen Colonies to advance the rights of the European colonists and to fight taxation by the British government.
The Sons of Liberty and Minutemen
American colonists sent this to King George III in hopes of reconciliation. It was rejected when he branded all colonists as rebels. The King sent Hessian and British troops to America.
Olive Branch Petition
This body drafted their Declaration of Rights and Grievances. Brought back the Association and oversaw the relief of Boston and boycott of English goods.
1st Continental Congress
This body formed the Continental Army, sent the Olive Branch Petition to Britain during the blockade of Boston, and eventually drafted the Declaration of Independence
2nd Continental Congress
Important turning point battle of the Revolutionary War. The American victory encouraged France to aid colonial independence from Britain.
Saratoga
The final battle of the revolution; won by George Washington and his French allies who trapped Gen. Cornwallis in Virginia.
Yorktown
First US government which was ineffectual in dealing with the nation’s financial and political problems because it lacked coercive power.
Articles of Confederation
Debt-ridden farmers mounted a protest to foreclosures led by revolutionary war veterans; that demonstrated the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.
Shays’ Rebellion
Also known as the Connecticut Compromise, it established a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the lower house (House Representatives) and equal representation in the upper house [2 Senators each state].
Great Compromise
Jay, Madison, and Hamilton published a series of letters under the pseudonym “Publius” to help grow support for the ratification of the Constitution.
The Federalist Papers
Established by Alexander Hamilton to improve the national economy, but it also created a constitutional crisis on interpretation of the U.S. constitution.
National Bank
Sec of Treasury under Washington and perhaps the greatest administrative genius in U.S. history. He was the father of the 1st National Bank, pro industry, nationalist and founder of the Federalist Party.
Alexander Hamilton
1795 Treaty with Spain fearful of Jay Treaty with Great Britain might threaten Spanish holdings in the West. Spain permitted U.S. navigation rights on the Mississippi and conceded U.S. right to lands east of the Mississippi.
Pinckney’s Treaty
The unpopular treaty with Great Britain 1794-95 that was supposed to stop British impressments but did not. The British did withdraw soldiers from the Northwest Territory.
Jay Treaty
Western Pennsylvania Farmers failed uprising against the Washington administration. They took up arms as a result of Hamilton’s excise tax on whiskey in 1794
Whiskey Rebellion
John Adams’ last minute appointment of Federalist Party members to federal courts before Thomas Jefferson took office in 1800.
Midnight Judges
Issued by Jefferson and Madison in response to President Adam’s passage of the Alien & Sedition Acts, the resolution advocated States rights to nullify laws they considered to be unconstitutional.
Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions
Jefferson’s least popular action taken. It did not allow American shipping to carry European goods to the U.S. It furthered American industry and wrecked the shipping business in the Federalist New England area.
Embargo Act 1807
After the election of 1800, Jeffersonians promoted this as the ideal for women to raise their children with the idealism of the American nation.
Republican Motherhood
Meeting of New England Federalists who were opposed to the War of 1812 and wanted to seek a separate peace with Britain even if it meant seceding from the Union.
Hartford Convention
Henry Clay and John C Calhoun were members for their support of the war of 1812 (Now a common term used for pro-war sentiment)
War Hawks
First of the internal improvements provided by congress in 1806 to help the colonization of the west. A toll bill linked to the road was vetoed by Monroe.
Old National Road-(Cumberland Road)
Religious revivals and growth of Baptist and Methodist membership between 1800-1840 that lead to rise of major reform movements and utopian/religious sects like the Shakers & Mormons. Focus was on connecting the frontier families, and on Romanticism and Perfectionism
Second Great Awakening
This was Henry Clay’s three part plan to improve the national economy through a 2nd National Bank, Internal Improvements, and Protective Tariffs.
American System 1819
A Bill passed in 1820 to solve the divisive issue of the expansion of slavery which threatened to upset the political balance in the Senate. This bill set the tone for the congressional actions prior to the Civil War.
Missouri Compromise
Senator from Kentucky called the Great Compromiser because he was credited with the Missouri Compromise and other major political compromises between 1820 and 1850.
Henry Clay
French liberal politician who observed the evolution of American political thought, customs and social interaction in the 1830’s. His book Democracy in America is still considered one the most accurate primary sources on American culture.
Alexis De Tocqueville
Brief period of nationalism and patriotism that followed the American victory over the British in the War of 1812. It was marked by a spirit of cooperation on economic matters, internal improvements and westward expansion
Era of Good Feelings
Announcement made during the Era of Good Feelings because the U.S. feared that the Concert of Europe might intervene in Latin American revolutions-U.S. stood opposed to any further colonization in western hemisphere and would not intervene in European affairs.
Monroe Doctrine
Most important Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who kept the Federalist ideals alive long after the party faded into history.
John Marshall
John Marshall’s landmark supreme court case that established the principle of judicial review.
Marbury v. Madison
Supreme Court case that established the principle of implied powers and upheld the constitutionality of the bank “the power to tax is the power to destroy”.
McCulloch v. Maryland
The alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay in the Election of 1824 that stole the election from Andrew Jackson.
Corrupt Bargain
The political party formed as the anti-Jackson party by Henry Clay and supporters of the American System, and southern “States rights” advocates.
Whig Party
Andrew Jackson (Old Hickory) opposition to a National Bank (an idea by Henry Clay) prompted him to remove Federal deposits and place them in State Banks.
Pet Banks
The idealized description political supporters of Jackson used to promote his candidacy for president.
Common Man
1832-33 was over the tariff policy of the Fed. Government, during Jackson’s presidency which prompted South Carolina to threaten the use of Nullification possible secession and Andrew Jackson’s determination to end it with military force.
Nullification Crisis
Act that directed the mandatory relocation of eastern tribes to territory west of the Mississippi River. Jackson insisted that his goal was to save the Indians and their culture. Indians resisted the controversial act, but in the end most were forced to comply.
Indian Removal Act 1830 /Trail of Tears
During the age of reform 1825-1859 he was an outspoken reformer who focused on education
Horace Mann
19th century belief that men were superior in worldly pursuits and women were superior in their moral influences
Doctrine of Separate Spheres
1836-1870 these were used by schools to expose children to a common curriculum that preached honesty, industry (hard work), and patriotism.
McGuffy Readers
Southern Whigs who supported slavery. Northern Whigs who opposed slavery
Cotton Whigs/ Conscience Whigs
Socio-religious group of “perfectionists”. Begun in 1848 its members shared property, complex marriage, and raising of the children in communal form to reach a utopian society.
Oneida Community
Political movement that opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories.
Free Soil Party 1847/48
Slave who led a bloody revolt in 1831 and who believed he was divinely inspired to kill his master and other slave owners. 60 men, women and children were killed by his followers. Southern States wrote more restrictive slave laws limiting the movement of slaves
Nat Turner
The historical term used to identify slavery prior to the Civil War
Peculiar Institution
An almost religious belief prior to the Mexican American War that the U.S. should possess the North American continent from east to west.
Manifest Destiny
This bill was presented during the Mexican-American War. It stipulated that none of the territory acquired should be opened to slavery.
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
Secretive Nativist political party that opposed Immigration during the 1840’s and early 1850’s. Officially called the American Party.
Know Nothing Party
1st national meeting for women’s suffrage held in 1848. Elizabeth Cady Stanton issued the “Declaration of Sentiments” calling for the equality of the sexes.
Seneca Falls
A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed the cotton textile industries. Ended the factory system
1st Industrial Revolution
Creator of the American steamboat who started the era of commercial steam navigation.
Robert Fulton
The dramatic increase between 1820-1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. It reflected the increased output of farms and factories, activities of traders and merchants, and the creation of a transportation network of roads, canals, and railroads.
Market Revolution
He left England with the memorized knowledge on how to build a textile factory and helped modernize the American factory system
Samuel Slater
A transcendentalist who wrote the essay “Civil Disobedience” which outlined his protest to the Mexican American war. This essay later influenced non-violent protests by Gandhi and M.L. King Jr.
Henry David Thoreau
A 19th century intellectual movement that posited the importance of an ideal world of mystical knowledge and harmony beyond the immediate grasp of the senses. Leaders called for the critical examination of society and emphasized individuality, self-reliance, and nonconformity
Transcendentalism
A network of safe houses used by abolitionists to aid the escape of Southern Slaves into the North.
Underground Railroad
An argument used by slavery supporters claiming slavery had benefits for the slaves as well as the United States.
Positive Good
Term used to describe the regions (Northeast, South & West) and differing economic, social and cultural systems and interests prior to the Civil War.
Sectionalism
An escaped slave who became a leading figure in the anti-slavery movement.
Frederick Douglass
Anti-slavery activists who demanded the immediate end of slavery.
Abolitionists
A war fought on the principle of “manifest destiny” and supported by southern planters desiring to expand the cotton culture. Was opposed by the Northeast who thought war was “unrighteous and gave the south more political power.
Mexican-American War
Slogan used by pro-war westerners wanting a war with Great Britain for all of the Oregon territory in the 1840’s.
“54 40 or Fight”
Economic Depression brought about by over speculation in land or railroads on a cycle of 20 to 10 years.
Panics of 1819, 1837, 1857, 1873, 1883, 1893
First national organization to protest the abuse of alcohol. They demanded “total” abstinence and pressured churches to expel members who condoned alcohol.
American Temperance Society
Unitarian Sunday School teacher who during the age of reform worked for better treatment for the mentally insane.
Dorothea Dix
Anti-Slavery (Abolitionist) newspaper founded by New Englander William Lloyd Garrison. Publisher was considered outspoken and controversial because of their unwavering stand on slavery.
Liberator
A procedure in the House of Representatives. From 1836-1844 by which antislavery petitions were automatically tabled when they were received so they could not become subject to debate
Gag Rule
Controversial 5 part Bill which allowed California to enter the union as a free state while agreeing to some southern demands on slavery issues.
Compromise of 1850
The most controversial portion of the compromise of 1850. It allowed southern slave-holders to retrieve escaped slaves in the north.
Fugitive Slave Law
Term used to describe the dominance of the South’s cash crop (Cotton) on politics, agriculture, and society prior to the Civil War in the Antebellum South.
King Cotton
Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in response to the Fugitive Slave Law. It is considered to have been one of the most effective Anti-Slavery statements made prior to the Civil War.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
The idea that the people who live in the area should decide the rules and laws to govern them. Advocated by Lewis Cass and accepted by Democrats as a way to avoid tensions and political fallouts over the expansion of slavery
Popular Sovereignty
Also known as The Little Giant, a senator and presidential candidate from Illinois who authored the Kansas- Nebraska Act to benefit his political career.
Stephen A Douglas
Stephen Douglas’ attempt to allow popular sovereignty to decide the slavery issue in the territories in exchange for the Trans-Continental Railroad linking California and Illinois.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Conflict over the expansion of slavery into the Kansas Territory during its transition to statehood. Free-Staters battled slavery supporters with violence.
Bleeding Kansas
Fanatic anti-slavery advocate. He was involved in Bleeding Kansas and later became the leader who attempted to start a massive slave uprising by seizing the federal armory at Harpers Ferry in 1859..
John Brown
1857 Supreme Court case that developed the fact that slaves were property not persons entitled to constitutional rights. It was the second Supreme Court decision to declare a law unconstitutional—Missouri Compromise
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Seven debates for the Illinois senate in 1858. This was the last peaceful debate over slavery prior to the Civil War.
Lincoln - Douglas Debates
