Unit 1 - The Challenges Flashcards
The law of conservation of energy
(Physics) within a closed system the total energy remains constant and cannot change
What is Energy?
- 7 forms?
The capacity of a physical system to perform work
Thermal Radiant Mechanical Electric Chemical Nuclear Gravitational
Energy Carriers vs Energy Sources
Carriers: substance or systems that contains potential energy that can be released and used as actual energy
Sources: renewable or non-renewable (finite, can be depleted)
Primary vs secondary energy
Primary: not been subject to any conversion or processing and contains raw fuels (like crude oil or solar energy)
Secondary: has been subject to conversion or processing (like electricity, oil products, ‘modern’ biomass and heat)
What is “development”
Many different definitions, could be “good change”, progress, economic growth, right based approaches, human choices and capabilities
Development processes vs development goals (MDG’s, SDG’s)
Electrification
Many definitions
- in principle: once everyone (100%) has access to reliable electricity (at hh level)
- IEA - 10% of hh have access to elecricity
- other: id electricity is being used for any purpose in the village.
Energy Development Index
EDI = how developed a country is in energy terms
- Per capita commercial energy consumption
- Per capita e-consumption In the residential sector
- share of modern fuels in the total residential sector energy use
- Share of the population with access to electricity
Energy access facts
1.3 billion people worldwide do not have access to electricity
2.7 billion people rely on traditional biomass
20% of global population does not have access to electricity (can be 80-90% in developing countries)
(WB, 2010)
Hotspots:
Sub-sahara africa (70% no e and 80% traditional biomass)
Developing asia (800 million no e, of which 400m in India)
What is energy poverty? And fuel poverty
The lack of access to electricity and a reliance on the traditional use of biomass for cooking (IEA and Practical Action, both 2010)
Widespread and a global development challenge.
Fuel poverty (energy poverty in developed countries) = when an individual/hh cannot afford to pay to keep adequately warm in their home given their low income
5 indexi to measure poverty
- Electrification rate
- Rate of people cooking with traditional biofuels
- Energy Development Index (EDI)
- Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
- (Total) Energy Access Index (practical action)
Biomass based energy
- what are the different generations of biofuels?
Traditional, modern, biogas and biofuels
First generation biofuels - conventional biofuels - based on edible biomass-based starch, sugar and vegetable oil
Second generation biofuels - made from feedstock and waste
Third generation biofuels - advanced/unconventional biofuels - made from algae, cellulose and other forms of plant biomass (harder to extract fuels)
The lifecycle of an energy system (Goldemberg and Lucon, 2010)
Natural sources
Energy Sector:
- extraction and treatment
- conversion technologies
- fuels
- distribution and transmission
- end-use technologies
Demand: energy services
GDP Calculation
Goldemberg & Lucon, 2010
GDP is the total goods and services produced by the residents and the sum of all values added by different sectors plus taxes, net subsidies.
GDP = C + I + G + (X - Y)
C = consumption (purchase of goods & services) I = gross investment (of individual) G = Government spending for consumption or transfer payments X = export Y = import (X-Y) = net balance of trade
GNP calculation
GDP + production of national companies abroad - domestic production of foreign companies.
SE4All goals
- Provide access to modern energy services for everyone by 2030
- Improve EE
- double the share of RE in the energy mix
