Unit 1 test Reversed Flashcards
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One of the first federations, or groups, of labor unions. It was founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886. The _._._. began as a group of craft unions and was more concerned with the working conditions of its members than with political goals.
American Federation of Labor
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A manufacturing process of machines and workers in which a product passes from one operation to the next in a direct line until it is completed.
Assembly line
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The second rebellion to take place in Russia in 1917, also known as the October Revolution. The government was overthrown by the Bolsheviks, or Communists. Power then belonged to the workers, and then later to the state, which owned everything in the name of the people.
Bolshevik Revolution
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(1857 – 1938) An American lawyer. He is best known for defending John Scopes, who was on trial for teaching the theory of evolution in a Tennessee school.
Clarence Darrow
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The economic and social consequences of Henry Ford’s development of mass production. Lower production costs allowed ordinary people to buy more goods
Fordism
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(1874-1964) The 31st president of the United States. The Great Depression began during his presidency.
Herbert Hoover
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A series of attempts by the U.S. Department of Justice to arrest and deport, or send out of the country, immigrants with extreme political opinions or who were suspected of supporting America’s enemies in World War I. A. Mitchell Palmer was the U.S. attorney general.
Palmer Raids
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The widespread fear of communism that gripped the United States after World War I. The success of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, along with accusations of violence committed by American communists, led U.S. authorities to investigate, search, and arrest thousands of suspected communists.
First Red Scare
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The violent conflicts that took place during the summer of 1919 in over 30 American cities between blacks and whites. Most of these riots involved attacks on African Americans by whites, including white police officers and soldiers. During the conflicts, over 50 African Americans were killed, and hundreds more were injured.
Red Summer
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The trial of two Italian immigrants who were convicted of murder and eventually executed, or put to death. They were members of an anarchist group, or a group of people who do not believe in government. Many people felt that the trials were not fair.
Sacco and Vanzetti trial
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Also known as the Monkey Trial. Teacher John Scopes was charged with teaching the theory of evolution. Teaching this theory was against the law in Tennessee. He was convicted.
Scopes Trial
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The secret leasing, or renting, of oil-rich government land to certain oil companies. The government official who was responsible, Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall, was convicted for taking money in return for making these leases.
Teapot Dome Scandal
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A 1915 silent movie that showed members of the Ku Klux Klan as heroes. Race riots broke out in some cities where the movie was played, and after protests by African American groups, it was not allowed in some cities of the North.
The Birth of a Nation
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The theory that all living things slowly change and grow over time to be able to survive better.
Theory of Evolution
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Fear of foreigners.
Xenophobia
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(1889 – 1979) ________ was the head of the nation’s best known black labor union, the Brotherhood of Sleeping-Car Porters. He was widely respected by white political leaders, particularly liberals.
A. Phillip Randolph
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The belief that African Americans should maintain pride in their culture, history, and African roots. Black nationalists support the creation of communities and businesses managed by African Americans.
Black Nationalism
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A shipping line — created by an African American, Marcus Garvey — that was intended to provide shipping services for African American businesses and passengers.
Black Star Line
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A term that describes the increase of African American art, literature, and music in the 1920s and 1930s. The movement was named after the neighborhood in New York City where many African Americans lived.
Harlem Renaissance
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(1902 – 1967) An African American writer, best known for his poetry and his writing during the Harlem Renaissance.
Langston Hughes
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An organization which encourages voting and citizen participation at all levels of government. The league is nonpartisan and does not support any party, issue, or candidate.
League of Women Voters
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(1879 – 1966) An American women’s rights activist. She is best remembered for founding the American Birth Control League, an organization that fought for the right of women to obtain birth control.
Margaret Sanger
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The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, an organization founded in 1909. Its purpose is to work for equal rights for all people and stop hatred between races.
NAACP
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The National American Woman Suffrage Association, a women’s rights organization formed in 1890. It supported many women’s rights issues but mainly worked for women’s right to vote.
NAWSA
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A civil rights organization that was formed in 1905 by W. E. B. DuBois, William Monroe Trotter, and several other African American leaders. It lasted until 1910, when its members joined a new, larger civil rights group, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, or NAACP.
Niagara Movement
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The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that gave women the right to vote. The amendment was ratified, or passed, in 1920.
Nineteenth Amendment
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(1898 – 1976) An actor, singer, and supporter of civil rights who turned to Communism in his fight against racial inequality in America.
Paul Robeson
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The Universal Negro Improvement Association, established by Marcus Garvey. Its purpose was to work for the improvement of conditions for people of African ancestry.
UNIA
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A group of African Americans first known as the Federal Council of Negro Affairs. This group gave opinions about public policy to President Franklin Roosevelt.
Black Cabinet
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The protest organized by World War I veterans who were demanding payment of the service bonus they had been promised after the war.
Bonus Army March
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A social and economic system in which money, and the means of production, factories and machines, are privately owned. Labor and products are traded or sold in markets, and the profits are given to owners of the capital.
Capitalism
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Civilian Conservation Corps, one of the New Deal programs of President Franklin Roosevelt. Between 1933 and 1942, it employed, or put to work, millions of people to make improvements on public lands.
CCC
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An area in the Great Plains of the United States that had terrible dust storms in the 1930s. High winds, very little rain, and poor farming practices made it easy for huge clouds of dirt to form. Fields were ruined, buildings and equipment were buried in dust, and the rich farm soil ended up as far away as the Atlantic Ocean. Thousands of farms failed, and farm families moved away.
Dust Bowl
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An amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1919 that made it against the law to make, sell, or transport alcohol for the purpose of drinking. It was repealed, or stopped, by the Twenty-First Amendment in 1933.
Eighteenth Amendment
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(1884 – 1962) She was involved in helping to carry out some of her husband’s policies and in civil rights activities. She was appointed to the United Nations General Assembly by President Truman in 1945 and worked on human rights issues there.
Eleanor Roosevelt
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(1891 – 1979) A Roman Catholic priest who used the radio to reach large groups of listeners during the 1920s and 1930s. His talks were about politics and the economy rather than religion. He was sometimes called the “father of Hate Radio” because he spoke against Jews.
Father Charles Coughlin
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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, a New Deal program started in 1933 by the Glass-Steagall Act. Its purpose is to protect money that people put into their bank accounts.
FDIC
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Federal Housing Administration, a New Deal agency created in 1934. Its main purposes are to improve housing standards and conditions and to insure home loans.
FHA
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A series of radio speeches given by President Franklin D. Roosevelt from 1933 to 1944. He used the radio to speak directly to the American people about issues affecting the country.
Fireside Chats
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(1882 – 1945) The 32nd president of the United States. He was the only president elected to four terms. He led the country out of the Great Depression with a number of social programs called the New Deal. He led the United States through most of World War II.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
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A banking law passed in 1933 to set up the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insured, or protected, the money people put into banks. The act also established banking rules, most of which are no longer in effect.
Glass-Steagall Act
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A worldwide economic crisis that lasted from late 1929 until World War II.
Great Depression
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Also known as Boulder Dam, it is located on the border between Arizona and Nevada. It dams the Colorado River to form Lake Mead and produces a large amount of electricity.
Hoover Dam
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A name given to short-lived towns of shacks and tents built by homeless people during the Great Depression.
Hooverville
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(1893 – 1935) United States senator and governor of Louisiana. He had strong populist ideas and had plans to “share the wealth” through taxes and laws against large salaries. He was known for his complete control over the government of Louisiana.
Huey Long
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The first 100 days of President Franklin Roosevelt’s presidency. It was during this period that he started the programs of his New Deal to help the country out of the Great Depression.
Hundred Days
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(1875 – 1955) An African American teacher and civil rights leader. She started a school for African Americans in Florida that eventually became an excellent university. She was an adviser to President Franklin Roosevelt.
Mary McLeod Bethune
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An agency of the U.S. government. Its main purposes are to look into unfair labor practices and to organize elections to see if workers want to belong to labor unions.
National Labor Relations Board
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A series of economic programs passed by Congress in Franklin Roosevelt’s first term as president. These programs and policies were intended to help America get out of the Great Depression.
New Deal
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A name given to a migrant from Oklahoma. The term was used in John Steinbeck’s book The Grapes of Wrath.
Okie
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A government agency set up in 1932 under President Hoover. Its purpose was to give financial aid to the states and to loan money to banks, railroads, and other businesses. The agency continued to work under Roosevelt’s New Deal.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
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The Securities and Exchange Commission, a New Deal agency started in 1934. Its responsibility is to watch over and make necessary rules for the securities industry. Securities are documents, or papers, such as stocks, bonds, and banknotes that have financial value.
SEC
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Programs set up several years after Roosevelt’s New Deal. One of these programs was the Social Security system.
Second New Deal
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A law passed in 1930 that raised tariffs, or taxes, on over 20,000 goods that were imported into the United States. Other countries did the same, and the American economy was damaged.
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act
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An insurance program run by the federal government for people who have quit working because of age or injury.
Social Security
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Places that sold alcoholic drinks during the time that it was against the law to sell alcohol.
Speakeasies
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A novel written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939. It tells the story of a poor family of farmers who are forced off their Oklahoma farm during the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl.
The Grapes of Wrath
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Tennessee Valley Authority, a New Deal government agency that was started in 1933. It was established to control floods, help shipping, and produce electricity for the Tennessee Valley.
TVA
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Groups organized by the Communist Party of America during the Great Depression. They were made up of people who had lost their jobs and had no money. They pushed for more help from their landlords and from government agencies.
Unemployed councils
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Works Progress Administration, later named Works Projects Administration, the largest New Deal agency. It was founded in 1935 and was responsible for giving jobs to millions of workers on public works projects.
WPA
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The National Woman’s Party, an organization established in 1913 to fight for women’s suffrage, or the right to vote. During the 1960s, the NWP worked for the addition of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution banning gender discrimination.
NWP
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(1889 – 1945) German leader during World War II. He led the Nazi Party and ruled Germany as a dictator from 1933 until his death at the end of World War II. He was responsible for the murder of up to 17 million civilians, or people who aren’t in the armed forces, including 6 million Jews killed in the Holocaust.
Adolf Hitler
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A foreign policy designed to avoid armed conflict. The term is most often applied to British leader Neville Chamberlain, who used appeasement to try to avoid war with Germany before World War II.
Appeasement
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A 1941 agreement between Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, the leaders of the United States and Great Britain, which stated that they believed the world should be more democratic after World War II.
Atlantic Charter
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A bomb that gets its enormous destructive power from nuclear energy. It was used by the United States against Japan to end World War II.
Atomic Bomb
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A 60-mile forced march of nearly 75,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war, who were held by the Japanese army in the Philippines, in 1942. Brutal treatment by the Japanese army caused the deaths of more than 25 percent of the prisoners on the march.
Bataan Death March
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A 1942 battle on the Pacific island of Guadalcanal. It was the first major battle between Japan and the Allied forces. It was an Allied victory and led to more victories over Japan in the Pacific.
Battle of Guadalcanal
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The battle fought between the United States and Japan for the Pacific island of Iwo Jima in February and March 1945. The United States won this battle.
Battle of Iwo Jima
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A World War II naval battle between the United States and Japan that is sometimes referred to as the Second Battle for the Philippines. It was fought in late October 1944 near the Philippine Islands and was the largest naval battle of World War II. The Allies won this battle, which helped lead to the defeat of Japan.
Battle of Leyte Gulf
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An important naval battle in the Pacific Ocean in June 1942. The U.S. Navy defeated the Japanese navy, which never fully recovered from the battle.
Battle of Midway
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A major German attack against Allied forces in Belgium in December 1944 and January 1945. More than 19,000 Americans were killed, making this the bloodiest battle for American troops in World War II.
Battle of the Bulge
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(1883 – 1945) The leader of Italy during World War II. Italy joined Germany to fight against the Allied countries. He was a leader in creating Fascism, a belief in an authoritarian government.
Benito Mussolini
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German for “lightning war.” It refers to the policy of using strong, quick-moving armed forces to break through enemy lines. The term generally refers to German military activities in World War II.
Blitzkrieg
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A program started in 1942 that brought millions of farmworkers into the United States from Mexico.
Bracero Program
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Prisons established by the Nazi government of Germany for people who were against the government. During World War II, other people were put in the camps, including Jews, Polish citizens, gypsies, homosexuals, people with disabilities, and prisoners of war. These camps became extermination, or death camps, when the Germans started killing all of the camps’ Jewish prisoners, as well as other “undesirables.”
Concentration Camps
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June 6, 1944, the day that the Allied countries invaded France to fight the German army there.
D Day
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An air raid, or attack, on Japan by United States forces in 1942 led by Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle. This was to retaliate, or get even, for the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan on December 7, 1941, and to show that Japan could be attacked.
Doolittle Raid
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A campaign started by the Pittsburgh Courier, America’s largest African American newspaper, after the United States entered World War II. The double V stood for victory at home over racial inequality and victory overseas in the war.
“Double V” Campaign
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(1880 – 1964) An American military leader who was important in World War II in the Pacific. After the war, he was in charge of Japan until the peace treaty was signed. He led United Nations forces in Korea and was fired by President Truman for disagreeing with Truman’s Korean policy.
Douglas MacArthur
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(1890 – 1969) The 34th president of the United States. He is best known for his military leadership in World War II throughout the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Germany. During his presidency, the Korean War ended, the Cold War with the Soviet Union continued, and the Interstate Highway System was started.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
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(1901 – 1989) The emperor of Japan from 1926 to 1989.
Emperor Hirohito
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A political philosophy based on the belief in an authoritarian government, in which the state controls businesses and markets for the good of the state. This is different from Communism, in which the state control of business is for the good of the people. Fascists believe that violence and war are actions that help unite the country.
Fascism
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(1884 – 1972) The 33rd president of the United States. He took over when President Franklin Roosevelt died just a few months after beginning his fourth term. Truman ordered the use of the atomic bomb at the end of World War II and led the country through the first years of the Cold War.
Harry Truman
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The term used to describe the murder of 6 million Jews by the Nazi government of Germany during World War II. The German goal was to rid the world of all Jews. At the same time, the Germans murdered millions of other people. The total number of Holocaust deaths is between 11 and 17 million people.
Holocaust
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An area where Japanese Americans were forced to live during World War II. Because the United States was at war with Japan, these people were thought to be a danger to the United States. They were kept in these camps, under guard, until 1945. In 1988, the U.S. government apologized for these actions and paid money to the former prisoners.
Internment Camps
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A plan by the United States armed forces to use islands in the Pacific Ocean as places where planes and ships could get fuel and other supplies to help in the fighting against Japan during World War II.
Island Hopping
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(1879 – 1953) The leader of the Soviet Union from 1927 until 1953. He was a powerful dictator who killed or sent out of the country millions of people that he believed were dangerous to the country. The Soviet Union was one of the Allied countries fighting against Germany in World War II.
Joseph Stalin
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Kamikaze is a Japanese word that means “divine wind.” It refers to Japanese fighter pilots who flew their planes into Allied ships in an attempt to destroy them.
Kamikazes
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A Supreme Court case in 1944 in which the Court said the government did not break the law or go against the Constitution when it put thousands of Japanese Americans in internment camps during World War II.
Korematsu vs. United States
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German for “crystal night,” also known as the Night of the Broken Glass. This was an attack on Jewish property and people in Germany and Austria on November 9, 1938. Thousands of homes, businesses, and synagogues were destroyed. Nearly 100 people were killed, and up to 30,000 people were sent to concentration camps.
Kristallnacht
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The law that allowed the United States to supply the Allied countries with war material during World War II. This was a way for America to help without entering the war, until it was forced to by the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Lend-Lease Act of 1941
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A secret military project led by the United States. This project produced the atomic bomb.
Manhattan Project
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A march that was scheduled to take place on July 1, 1941. Organized by A. Philip Randolph, the march was intended to protest against segregation in the military. The march was canceled when Franklin Roosevelt signed an executive order to stop discrimination in the defense industry.
March on Washington
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A September 1938 meeting involving the leaders of Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy. The meeting was called in response to Adolf Hitler’s demands to annex, or take over, the Sudetenland, a German-speaking region in Czechoslovakia. The meeting ended with the Munich Agreement, which allowed Germany to annex the region.
Munich Conference
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A federal agency re-established in 1942 by Franklin Roosevelt. It worked out labor agreements between employers in the defense industry and labor unions in order to prevent strikes that might hurt the war effort.
National War Labor Board
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A German political party established in 1919 and led by Adolf Hitler between 1921 and 1945. The Nazis believed that Germans belonged to a superior Aryan race, and tried to unite Europe’s German-speaking people into a Fascist empire. The Nazis tried to remove Jews and other minorities from German society by placing them in concentration camps, where millions died in what became known as the Holocaust.
Nazi Party
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(1869 – 1940) British prime minister best known for his foreign policy of giving in to Germany and allowing the German army to take part of Czechoslovakia. This was an unsuccessful attempt to avoid war with Germany.
Neville Chamberlain
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A series of military trials held by Allied forces after World War II. Military, political, and economic leaders of Nazi Germany were tried for war crimes.
Nuremberg Trials
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An agency created by the federal government during World War II. The agency released war news, worked to get public support for the war, got women into the workforce, and warned against foreign spies.
Office of War Information
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The code name given to the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. The plan was unsuccessful, as German forces were not able to gain control of Moscow, the Soviet capital.
Operation Barbarossa
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The code name for the plan to invade, or attack, German-held territory in France. Allied forces crossed the English Channel and attacked the Germans on the French coast at Normandy. The attack took place on June 6, 1944, and is known as D-Day.
Operation Overlord
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The code name for an Allied plan to invade, or attack, German-held territory in French North Africa. The attack started November 8, 1942.
Operation Torch
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The location of the surprise attack by Japanese war planes on December 7, 1941, targeting the U.S. naval base in Hawaii. Eight battleships were sunk or damaged, other ships and aircraft were destroyed, and more than 3,600 people were killed or wounded. The Japanese intended for the attack to make the U.S. Navy too weak to enter World War II; instead, it quickly brought the United States into the war in the Pacific and in Europe.
Pearl Harbor
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A meeting held in the summer of 1945 between the leaders of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union to decide on the punishment for Germany after its defeat in World War II.
Potsdam Conference
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The statement made from the Potsdam conference in 1945 calling for the surrender of Japan to end World War II. Japan did not surrender, and U.S. planes dropped atomic bombs on two Japanese cities.
Potsdam Declaration
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A symbol for all of the women who worked in factories during World War II. In many cases, these women were doing jobs formerly held by men who left the jobs to go to war.
Rosie the Riveter
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An organization of nearly 200 nations formed after World War II. Its goals are to keep peace in the world and help with social, economic, and human rights issues.
United Nations
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The United Services Organization, an organization founded in 1941 at the request of President Franklin D. Roosevelt to provide entertainment and recreation services for the U.S. military personnel.
USO
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The German-backed government of France during World War II.
Vichy Regime
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(1874 – 1965) British politician best known for his leadership of Great Britain throughout World War II.
Winston Churchill
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A 1945 wartime meeting between the leaders of the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain, the three main Allied countries in World War II. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss how Europe, especially Germany, should be organized after the war was over.
Yalta Conference
