Unit 1 test Flashcards
define epoch
a time period
define era
a time period
define contemporary
happening or living at the same time
define chronological
events in the order of occurance
define anachronistic
anything out of its proper time period
define archaeology
study of old stuff/ things that past humans left behind
define anthropology
study of old remains (mummies)
define culture
the way of life of a group
define covilization
a complex, developed culture usually associated with specific achievements such as agriculture, urban life, specialized labor, and a system of writing
define theist
anyone who believes in any kind of god
define polytheist
one who believes in many gods
define monotheist
one who believes in one god
define athiest
someone who doesn’t believe in god
define historiography
study of history in its written form
what does BC mean
before christ
what does AD mean
Anno Domini
what does anno domini mean
the time after god
whats the alternative for bc and ad
BCE and CE
before common era and common era
describe how centuries work
1st century - 0-99
2nd century - 100-199
21st century - 2000-2099
describe BC
1st century BC: -99-1
2nd century BC: -199-100
define history
whats been recorded and passed down
define prehistory
what occurred prior to the written record
around what time would we consider it prehistory
4000 bc
when was the early Paleolithic era
3,000,000-30,000 BC
what does Paleolithic mean
old rock / old stone age
what were the tools like in the early Paleolithic era
-unrefined tools
-stone tools (flaking, chipping)
when did the late Paleolithic era occur
30,000-10,000 BC
describe the tools of the late paleolithic era
advanced tools
-fishhook, harpoon, bow and arrow
when did the neolithic era occur
10,000-7,000
what were the tools like in the neolithic era
refined by grinding and polishing
what were some of the characteristics of the neolithic age
-knitting and weaving
-permanent settlements
-planned agriculture
-fire by friction
-domesticated animals
who were the first “people”
donosovan
where do homo sapiens sapiens come from
Africa
where did they migrate to from egypt and israel
Mesopotamia, America, Asia, europe
when did the neolithic transition occur
15,000 BC
what happened during the neolithic transition
large groups in SW Asia and middle east abandon the nomadic lifestyle to begin permanent settlements
what are some theories why the neolithic transition occured
- climate change
- human ingenuity (discovery of water source, plant production or migration patterns)
describe the neolithic agricultural revolution
-more people living in settlements
-privately owned property
-rules for property boundaries and women
-specialization of labor
-irrigation
who most likely discovered farming
women
what was the earliest place farming was evident
Wadi Natuf
what were the people called that lived in Wadi Natuf
Natufians
what were two of the major settlements during the neolithic era
Jericho and Catalhoyuk
where was jericho
west bank of jordan river
where was Catalhoyuk
Turkey
what does Mesopotamia mean
middle of rivers
what rivers where mesopotamia surrounded by
tigris and Euphrates
where is Mesopotamia in modern day maps
iraq
what was the agriculture like in Mesopotamia
- lots of water near rivers
- irrigation (6,000 bc)
- small scale
what kind of crops were harvested in Mesopotamia
Barley, wheat and peas
describe Mesopotamian cities
- differ from earlier villages
- influence extended beyond walls (economic, cultural, religious)
what did Hammurabi conquer
the old Babylonian Empire
what were the time periods for the old, middle and new kingdom
old: 3100-2040 BC
middle: 2040-1600 BC
new: 1600-1100 BC
why are upper and lower egypt upside down
they used the flow of the Nile to orient themselves
where was lower and upper egypt
lower: delta region
upper: long strip south of delta
where was Nubia between
between Nile’s 1st and 6th cataracts/rapids
who was the father of history
Herodotus
when did Herodotus do his work
400’s BC
What did Herodotus call Egypt
Gift of the Nile
how did egyptians farm
they tossed seeds out as the Nile flooded to created easier farming
how did egyptians move beyond the Niles immediate area
they built levees, catchment basins, and shadufs
egyptians were slower than mesopotamians to develop ________________
metal tools and weapons
what did egyptians quickly develop
pottery, leather textiles
what did pyramid building require
laborers, architects, engineers, and artists
what were two of the major cities in egypt
Memphis and Thebes
describe Memphis
- founded by Menes 3100BC
- capital of ^ and v egypt
- located head of delta of nile
Describe Thebes
administrative upper egypt and seat of worship for Amon
who were the two main gods in ancient egypt
Amon and Ra
describe Amon
- thebian deity
- god of sun, creation, fertility and production
describe Re
- worshipped at Heleopolis
- sun god
who challenged Amon-Re and with what god
Akhenaten/ Aten
why did egyptians mummify their dead
- pragmatic reasons
- preparation for journey into afterlife
what god leads you into the next life
Osiris
what god will eat your soul if you fail judgement
Amet
what’s the egyptian social heirarchy
- Gods
- pharoah
- vizier
- priests
- bureaucrats
- craftspeople/merchants
- slaves
who was the only female pharoah
Hatshepsut
how did egypts economic system work
- used the nile as transport
- built boats
describe the natural resources of the nile
had: many plants (papyrus, dates, etc.)
lacked: building wood
where did the egyptians get building wood
lebanon (also traded with Nubia
what did papyrus make
paper, boats, ropes, baskets
Khufu is made from ___________
2.5 tons of 2,300,000 blocks of limestone
describe hieroglyphics
used only for kings
- consisted of 750 symbols
what language was used by the common egyptian
demotic
describe Hammurabi’s code
used lex talionis (eye for an eye)
where did the phoenecians occupy
modern day lebanon and north africa
what did phoenicians create in language
the phonetic alphabet
when did the Assyrian Empire take place
746-609 BC
what were the chief cities of Assyria
Nineveh and Assur
who founded the early use of tight-knit infantry formations
the Assyrian Empire
(shield walls and spears)
who did the Assyrian empire overthrow and when
northern kindgom of israel 722 BCE
when did the new babylonian empire take place
612-539
who was the most notable king of the new babylonian empire
nebuchadnezzar
describe babylon
more than 2100 acres
modern day iraq
1,729 temples
made a lavish showcase
describe the hanging gardens of babylon
- one of the seven wonders of the world
- built by nebuchadnezzar II around 600 BC
describe hebrews and israelites
- started with abraham, jacob and issac
- established in Canaan
- went into egypt and were enslaved
who was the only female judge of israel
deborah
