Unit 1 Test

Question 1

Psychodynamic Perspective

Answer 1

All humans are born as animals and are socialized by their parents during the first 5 years of life to be a functioning member of society. Expectations, pressures, and beliefs are pushed back into the unconscious and manifest in different ways throughout life.

Question 2

Freud

Answer 2

The psychologist who believed in and created the Psychodynamic perspective. He believed that our unconscious mind and childhood affect our behavior when we’re older.

Question 3

Unconcious

Answer 3

The thoughts and feelings that happen without us controlling them. These are all of the things that we are not aware of. Freud believes that the unconscious drives our behavior.

Question 4

Behavioral Perspective

Answer 4

Behavior that is rewarded will be repeated. Behavior that is punished will be diminished. They believe that thoughts and feelings don’t matter and that we act how we act based on how we have acted in previous situations.

Question 5

Black box of the mind

Answer 5

These are out thoughts and feelings because we lock them away inside of us, so we shouldn’t bother studying them. The only things we can study our our environment and behavior.

Question 6

Humanistic

Answer 6

All humans are born with prepotential. How we feel about ourself shapes our decisions and behaviors. We all want to grow and be the best person we can be. Our environment has shaped our ability to reach our potential, and our self-esteem is shaped by others around us. Our choices are determined by how we feel about ourselves and what we think others think of us.

Question 7

Unconditional positive regard

Answer 7

Loving someone no matter what. Knowing that someone has unconditional positive regard for you creates and boosts your self-esteem.

Question 8

Self-esteem

Answer 8

The belief that you are a person with value and worth.

Question 9

Cognitive

Answer 9

Having to do with thinking. We have a cycle of behaviors thoughts and feelings. Our unconscious thoughts are automatic but can be changed with an attitude adjustment, for example. Our thoughts determine our behavior and EVERYTHING THAT WE DO.

Question 10

Socio-cultural

Answer 10

Our immediate cultural environment (class, ethnicity, race, religion, etc.) shapes our behavior.

Question 11

Hindsight bias

Answer 11

The belief, even after something has already happened, that you knew the outcome before it happened. “I knew it all along”.

Question 12

Overconfidence

Answer 12

When we think we know more than we do and we come up with quick answers rather than correct answers.

Question 13

Theory

Answer 13

An explanation using a set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behavior and events.

Ex. sleep positively affects memory.

Question 14

Hypothesis

Answer 14

A testable prediction, based on/implied by a theory. What the researcher thinks the experiment will show. Phrase as an “if…then…” statement.

Ex. If someone gets 8+ hours of sleep, then they will score above a 90% on their test the next day.

Question 15

Replicate

Answer 15

Repeating the essence of a research study to see if you get similar results. This is done with different participants in different situations to see if the results can be replicated. Similar results lead to greater confidence because replication is confirmation.

Question 16

Correlation

Answer 16

This is NOT causation. Correlation shows that variable A and B happen at the same time, but it does not prove that variable A causes variable B.

Ex. when there is more ice cream consumption, there are also more shark attacks.

Question 17

Positive correlation

Answer 17

When variable A goes up/down, variable B does the same.

Question 18

Negative correlation

Answer 18

When variable A goes up/down, variable B does the opposite.

Question 19

Natural observation

Answer 19

A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring environments. The researcher does not manipulate or control the situation. Technology has helped this a lot because we can observe people’s online behavior as well.

Ex. observing who follows COVID protocol.

Question 20

Case study

Answer 20

A descriptive technique where an individual or small group is studied in depth to reveal larger principles. This can be very revealing and misleading because it tells us a lot, but the same thing might not apply in every situation. People often use anecdotes to contradict what the case study finds because of personal past experiences that don’t match up with the results. However, this is not fair because the plural of anecdote is not evidence. Case studies suggest ideas, but we need to dig deeper for the truth.

Question 21

Survey

Answer 21

A descriptive research technique where questions are sent out to a large or small group of people, and they answer in any way. This is for observing self-reported attitudes and behaviors. The way the question is worded greatly affects how the person answers. People also may skew their answers to make them more socially desirable.

Question 22

Wording effects

Answer 22

Someone taking a survey will answer a question differently based on its wording.

Ex. “Have you ever been on drugs?” - most people answer yes because they have been on prescribed medication.

“Have you ever been addicted to a drug?” - more people answer no because it is not socially desirable, and it is less true for most people.

Question 23

Random sample

Answer 23

When everyone has the same chances of being included in the study, rather than being selected for some other reason. This gets rid of sampling bias. Can be done by flipping a coin, for example.

Question 24

Representative sample

Answer 24

A subset of a population that seeks to represent the overall population.

Question 25

Experimental method

Answer 25

Proves causation. Explains things on average: A won’t cause B every time.

Question 26

Independent variable

Answer 26

This is the variable that the researcher manipulates and the “cause” of the experiment. When the researcher introduces the independent variable, they are changing the condition of the people in the experiment.

Ex. how much sleep the researcher lets the participants get.

Question 27

Dependent variable

Answer 27

The effect of the independent variable because the outcome is dependent on what the researcher is manipulating.

Ex. how well the participants do on their tests.

Question 28

Experimental group

Answer 28

The group being subject to the manipulative conditions/independent variable that the researcher is controlling.

Question 29

Control group

Answer 29

The other half of the people who are part of the study but are not being given the independent variable. They think, however, that they are getting the independent variable, when they are actually just being given the placebo. They are a baseline against which the experimental group is being measured.

Question 30

Operational definitions

Answer 30

The specifics of the experiment.

Ex. “Doing well on the test” = 90% or above.

Question 31

Placebo

Answer 31

The fake of the independent variable that is given to the control group.

Question 32

Double-blind procedure

Answer 32

It is very important that the control and experimental groups do not know which group they are. This is what makes it double-blind because it helps with experimenter and participant bias. The people collecting the data also do not know which group is which.

Question 33

Confounding variable

Answer 33

Any variable other than the independent that may cause the results to be the way they are.

Ex. one group had more sleep the previous night than the other group, causing them to do better on the test.

Question 34

Ethics vs Morals

Answer 34

Ethics are external rules that may vary between environments.

Morals are personal principles that vary between people, but they rarely change.

Question 35

Beneficence and nonmaleficence

Answer 35

Be a good person, and minimize harm and discomfort as much as possible. Look out for the wellbeing and rights of the participants by keeping their info confidential and putting them above you. Avoid/manage conflicts without harm, and be aware of personal biases.

Question 36

Fidelity and responsibility

Answer 36

Establish relationships based on trust and communication. Make sure that colleagues are being ethical. Be aware of professional responsibilities in the community, and manage conflicts with communication.

Question 37

Integrity

Answer 37

Be accurate, honest, and truthful. Do not lie, steal, engage in fraud, or misinterpret factual information. Trust colleagues and the experiments they are performing.

Question 38

Justice

Answer 38

Equality and fairness. Everyone has the right to benefit from psychology and its equal and just qualities. Ensure that each participant receives a fair result.

Question 39

Respect for people’s rights and dignity

Answer 39

Respect dignity, worth, and the rights of the individual to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination.