Unit 1 Test Flashcards
What is an organelle?
- Inside the cell–> each individual part such as nucleus, Golgi
- Smaller than the cell
- Tiny organs in the cell
- Smaller than the cell
What is the purpose of the nucleus
- To control the cell and the functions in the cell
2. Stores DNA
List two places you can find ribosomes in the cell
Rough ER, cytoplasm
List one cool thing lysosomes do
Program cell death
Dispose of debris/trash
If your body didn’t have vesicles, what would happen (or not be able to happen)
- It wouldn’t be able to transport proteins
- Transportation wouldn’t happen in between cells and from one organelle from another so a cell might not have the right amount of nutrients
- One main goal of the cell is to make… because they run your body
Proteins
Which organelle holds the instructions for making proteins
Nucleus
What organelle actually makes proteins
Ribosomes (in the rough er, and cytoplasm)
What organelle modifies and packages proteins
Golgi apparatus
Which organelle transports proteins where they need to go
Vesicles
what is the monomer of nucleic acids
nucleotides
what macromolecule is used for short term energy signaling
carbohydrates
what is a monosaccharide
monomer of carbohydrates
a simple sugar
what are lipids used for
protecting the cell
cell membrane
insulation
long term energy storage
what macromolecule is considered the informational molecule
nucleic acid
where rRNA is made
nucleolus
critical for cell division
centrioles
where lipids are made
smooth ER
where ATP is made
mitochondria
can propel the entire cell through fluids
flagella
which organelle plays the most critical role in maintaining homeostasis
cell membrane
list the two main types of cellular transport and what one type requires that the other doesn’t
active transport: requires energy (ATP)
passive transport: doesn’t require energy
what organelle is critical for endocytosis and exocytosis to occur
vesicles
what types of molecules can’t get through the cell membrane easily
large molecules
polar molecules
produces and secretes hormones
endocrine system
acts as a barrier to protext the body from the outside world
integumentary
controls voluntary and involuntary actions
nervous system
provides support and protection for internal organs
skeletal
critical for nutrient transport and gas exchange
cardiovascular
The head is … to the shoulders
superior
the fingers are… to the elbow
distal
the lungs are… to the rib cage
deep
a paper cut would be considered a … wound
superficial
the shoulders are… to the chest
lateral
smallest unit of all living things
cell
similar cells with a common function
tissue
made of 2 or more types of tissues
organ
group of organs working toward a common goal
organ system
highest level of structural organization for an individual
organism
the study of the struture of an organism
anatomy
the study of how an organism’s body functions
physiology
8 functions necessary for life
maintaining boundaries
movement
responsiveness
digestion
metabolism
excretion
reproduction
growth
5 survival needs
nutrients
oxygen
normal body temperature
water
normal atmospheric pressure
describe anatomical position
body straight with feet slightly apart
thumbs pointed away from the body
palms facing forward
the nose is… to the ear
medial
the hip is … to the pelvis
lateral
the chest is … to the back
anterior
ventral
the spine is … to the stomach
posterior
dorsal
medial plane
straight down the center of the body
coronal/frontal plane
separates the front (anterior) and back (posterior) of the body.
sagittal plane
separates the left and right sides of the body
transverse plane
separates the upper (superior) and lower (inferior) halves of the body
the dorsal body cavity
encloses brain and spinal chord
what membrane protects the dorsal body cavities
meninges
the ventral body cavities
protects the visceral organs
three major divisions of the ventral body cavity
thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
what membrane lines the ventral body cavities
serosa
inner layer of the double layered membrane that lines the ventral body cavities
visceral serosa
outer layer of the double layered membrane that lines the ventral body cavity
parietal serosa
umbilical region
belly button area
epigastric region
space above dural part of the spine
hypochondriac
ribs
hypogastric
below stomach
iliac
part of hip bone is called ilia
muscular tissue’s responsibilities
movement of skeleton, beating of heart, movement of food through digestive system
connective tissue responsibilities
makes up bone, cartilage, blood
connects organs together
nervous tissue responsibilities
conducts electrical impulses through the brain, spinal chord, and nerves
responsibilities of epithelial tissue
makes up skin, lining of internal pathways, and glands
the structure in which DNA is shaped
double helix
what are the sides of DNA made of (the sides of the “ladder”
phosphate and sugar molecules
what are the “rungs” of DNA made out of
nitrogen bases such as adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
what is the principle of base pairing
a always bonds with t and c always bonds with g
what does dna code
codes all of the proteins required by the body
2 major processes used to create proteins
transcriptions and translation
the process of converting DNA code into mRNA messages
transcription
what type of cell division happens in somatic (body) cells
mitosis
what type of cell division happens in gametes (sex cells)
meiosis
how many daughter cells does a meiosis-parent cell make
4 different daughter cells
how many daughter cells are made in mitosis
two identical daughter cells
two examples of passive transport processes
diffusion and osmosis
when molecules move naturally from high to low concentration; does not require energy
passive transport
what is facilitated confusion
when larger molecules are helped across the membrane by channels made of proteins
what is active transport
it moves molecules from LOW to HIGH concentration and requires energy
7 things that qualify something to be a living thing
made of cells
respond to simuli
able to grow and reproduce
uses energy and has a metabolism
contains DNA or rna as genetic material
adapt to their environment
specialized structures within the cell that work together to help the cell function
organelles
structure of cytoplasm
jelly like fluid inside of cells
mainly made of water
function of cytoplasm
holds everything in place
structure of cell membrane
selective permeable barrier
2 layers of phospholipids
carbohydrates embedded throughout to provide structure
proteins are embedded to aid in transporting nutrients and signals
function of cell membrane
controls what goes in and out
phospholipids allow for some molecules to easily pass through
small, nonpolar, hydrophobic, neutral molecules and water can pass easily
polar molecules cant pass easily
structure of cytoskeleton
threadlike fibers
made of proteins
function of cytolasm
support, maintain shape, motility, and regulate biochemical activities
what is a centriole
an organelle associated with the cytoskeleon
structure of a centriole
made of microtubules
microtubules grow out of centrioles
function of centrioles
appear during cell division
help call divide by pulling chromosomes apart
cilia structure
shorter than flagella, more numerous, like tiny oars
flagella structure
longer than cilia, fewer
function of cilia
move fluid across cell’s surface
flagella function
move entire cell through extracellular fluid (sperm)
nucleus structure
contains genetic material
surrounded by a nuclear envelope/membrane with pores that control what goes in and out
nucleolus at center
nucleus function
protects the dna that controls the activities in the cell
nucleolus is where ribosomes are formed
what forms inside a nucleolus
ribosomes
structure of ribosomes and location
made of proteins and rRNA
located on rough ER and floating in cytoplasm
function of ribosomes
make proteins
rough ER structure
has ribosomes on surface
hugs nucleus
network of membranes and sacs
function of rough er
makes proteins
send transport vesicles to golgi apparatus
package proteins for secretion
vesicles
transport proteins around and out of the cell
smooth er structure
no ribosomes on surface
attached to rough er
network of membranes and sacs
function of smooth er
makes lipids
modifies small molecules
sit of glycogen degradation
golgi apparatus structure
folded/flattened membrane sacs
golgi apparatus
gets vesicles of protein from rough er and processes, modifies, packages, and sorts them for transport
lysosomes structure
contains hydrolytic enzymes for breaking things down
functions of lysosomes
breakdown dead stuff
can do programmed cell death
structure of vacuoles
smaller and can be more numerous in animal cells
vacuoles function
storage
mitochondia structure
two parts: folded membrane and enzyme-packed fluid
function of mitochondria
where cellular respiration occurs
breaks down chemical energy in food to release it as usable energy in the form of ATP
when a sperm fertilizes an egg, the single cell that forms has the potential to form all the cells in an entire organism… this cell is called a
totipotent cell
cells that can differentiate into many types of specialized cells
pluripotent cells
what is simple diffusion
moves with the concentration gradient
Zero energy needed–>passive transport
particles going through the cell membrane
are endocytosis and exocytosis forms of passive or active transport
active
give a scenario where a cell may need to perform of endocytosis
amoeba taking nutrients into a vacuole, large molecule into cell like a large polysaccharide
what type of transport is needed for water to travel across the cell membrane at a substantial rate, the water molecules travel through protein channels known as aquaporins
facilitated diffusion
what type of transport is needed for when water molecules are polar, they are also very small
simple diffusion
what type of transport is needed for when charged ions are traveling through a cell membrane with the concentration gradient
simple diffusion
what type of transport is needed for when cells lining the gut need to take in glucose, but at a certain time, the concentration of extracellular glucose is lower than the concentration already stored in the cells
active transport
at a certain time, glucose is in a high concentration outside of a cell and needs to travel through the membrane into the cell
active transport
monomer of nucleic acids and functions
nucleotide; codes for proteins, transcriptions, translation
monomer of proteins and functions
amino acids; short term energy, motor and transport proteins, creates hemoglobin, repairs/builds muscle and tissue, enzymes, antibodies, hormones
monomer of carbohydrates and function
monosaccharides and polypeptides; long term energy
monomer of lipids and functions
fatty acids and glycerol molecules; insulation, protects cell, allows certain things in and out, moves and stores energy
