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Anatomy and Physiology > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what is epithelial tissue

A

the lining tissue that forms the boundary between the body and external environment

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2
Q

functions of epithelial tissue

A

protection
absorption
filtration
secretion
diffusion

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3
Q

what is the apical surface

A

the free surface at the top of an epithelial tissue

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4
Q

what is the basal surface

A

the bottom surface of epithelial tissue

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5
Q

what is the membrane underneath the basal surface of epithelium

A

basement membran

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6
Q

what are avascular tissues

A

tissues with no blood vessels

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7
Q

how are epithelial tissues classified

A

by the number of layers and shape of the cells

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8
Q

what type of epithelial tissues only have one layer of cells

A

simple

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9
Q

what type of epithelial tissues have more than one layer of cells

A

stratified

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10
Q

what is simple squamous epithelium

A

single, flat layer of cells that’s thin and permeable

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11
Q

function of simple squamous epithelium

A

rapid diffusion of materials

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12
Q

location of simple squamous epithelium

A

blood vessels and lung tissues

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13
Q

what is simple cuboidal epithelium

A

a single layer of cube shaped cells

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14
Q

function of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

secretion and absorption

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15
Q

what is simple columnar epithelium

A

single layer of tall, closely packed cells which often have cilia and goblet cells that secrete mucus

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16
Q

function of simple columnar epithelium

A

secretion of mucus for protection and absorption of substances
microvilli

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17
Q

where is simple columnar epithelium found

A

in the lining of the digestive tract

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18
Q

what three characteristics do all epithelial tissues have

A

free surface, basal surface, basement membrane

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19
Q

what does stratified squamous epithelium do

A

thick layers that provide protection for underlying layers

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20
Q

where is stratified squamous epithelium found

A

in epidermal layer of the skin

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21
Q

what is stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

more than one layer of cuboidal cells

rare in body

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22
Q

where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found

A

mammary glands, salivary glands

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23
Q

structure of stratified columnar epithelium

A

free surface lined with columnar cells

rare

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24
Q

where is stratified columnar epithelium found

A

larynx and male urethra

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25
Q

structure of pseudostratified epithelium

A

cell nuclei are found at different levels so it appears stratified, though it is not

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26
Q

function of pseudostratified epithelium

A

secretion and absorption

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27
Q

where is pseudostratified epithelium found

A

most of the upper respiratory tract

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28
Q

what is the structure transitional epithelium

A

the free surface cells of transitional epithelium vary in appearance based on the stretching of the tissue

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29
Q

how does transitional epithelium transition

A

by changing shape with elasticity and being pulled

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30
Q

where is transitional epithelium found

A

lining of the urinary bladder

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31
Q

what is the structure of glandular epithelium

A

a gland is made of a group of cells that secrete a fluid substance

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32
Q

in what two ways are glands classified

A

complexity
and how substances are secreted
exocrine
endocrine

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33
Q

what do exocrine glands do

A

secrete substances outward through a duct

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34
Q

what do endocrine glands do

A

they’re ductless glands that secrete hormones through the bloodstream

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35
Q

what are merocrine glands

A

cells that excrete the products via exocytosis
(sweat glands)

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36
Q

what are apocrine glands

A

when a portion of the cell pinches off with the secreted products
(mammary glands)

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37
Q

what are holocrine glands

A

cells rupture and spill products into the duct

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38
Q

what are the characteristics of endocrine glands

A

secrete hormones into the blood so they can be delivered over longer distance

packed tightly together with capillaries running through the glandular tissue

cells that excrete products through exocytosis into the blood

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39
Q

functions of connective tissue

A

dont provide support and bind other tissues together
provide insulation and protection for other tissues
able to transport substances

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40
Q

what characteristics do all connective tissues share

A

formed from one type of stem cell
vary in their degree of vascularity (presence of blood vessels)
mostly composed of extracellular matrix (ECM)

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41
Q

types of loose connective tissue

A

areolar
adipose
reticular

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42
Q

types of dense connective tissue

A

regular
irregular
elastic

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43
Q

what is arelar connective tissue

A

mostly open space
holds water and salts for surrounding organs
found under epithelium and around organs

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44
Q

what is adipose connective tissue

A

cushiony
comprised of fat cells (adipocytes)
have large vacuoles that contain fat/ oil/ lipids
insulates and warms the body
provides nutrients to other cells

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45
Q

what is reticular connective tissue

A

contains reticular fibers which create a stiff framework that supports other cells

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46
Q

parts of extracellular matrix

A

ground substance
fibers

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47
Q

what fibers are present in extracellular matrix

A

collagen (strong, flexible, moldable)
elastic fibers (stretchy)
reticular fibers (thin “branch of collagen)

48
Q

what are the types of cartilage

A

hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic

49
Q

characteristics of hyaline cartilage

A

STRONGEST
glassy looking
firm matrix with lacuna
LOTS of collagen (homogenous)

50
Q

lacuna

A

spaces for cells

51
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found

A

layrnx
bridge of nose
ribs

52
Q

what is fibrocartilage

A

it contains lots of collagen
runs parallel
always for compression

53
Q

where is fibrocartilage tissue

A

found in intervertebral spaces

54
Q

elastic cartilage

A

highly flexible
many elastic fibers

55
Q

where is elastic cartilage found

A

outer ears and tip of nose

56
Q

characteristics of bone/osseous tissue

A

osteocytes secrete ground substances, fibers, collagen, and fluids
ground substance is calcified

57
Q

2 types of osseous tissue

A

spongy and compact

58
Q

what type of cell is in hyaline cartilage

A

chondrocyte

59
Q

types of vascular tissue

A

mast cells
macrophages
blood cells

60
Q

what do mast cells do

A

detect foreign substances

61
Q

structure of mast cells

A

contains granules that secrete inflammatory chemicals

62
Q

what are macrophages

A

blob like cells that engulf invading substances or organisms

63
Q

what are blood cells

A

red blood cells (no nucleus) carry oxygen
white blood cells (nucleus) provide immune response

64
Q

types of muscle tissue

A

smooth
cardiac
skeletal

65
Q

tissues of nervous system

A

neurons
neuroglia

66
Q

does smooth muscle tissue contract voluntarily or involuntarily

A

involunntarily

67
Q

is smooth muscle striated

A

no

68
Q

where is smooth muscle found

A

walls of stomach
uterus
intestines
bladder
arteries
veins
eyes

69
Q

which type of tissue is tapered at the ends

A

smooth muscle tissue

70
Q

what type of tissue has branching cells and intercalated discs

A

cardiac muscle tissue

71
Q

what are intercalated discs

A

connections between cells that inc communication and allow for contraction in unison

72
Q

do cardiac muscles contract voluntarily

A

no

73
Q

striated or non-striated –> cardiac muscle tissue

A

striated

74
Q

where is the cardiac muscle tissue

A

cardiac muscle tissue

75
Q

what activated cardiac muscle tissue

A

brain or hormones

76
Q

structural characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue

A

multi nucleate
long and cylindrical shaped cells

77
Q

does skeletal muscle tissue contract voluntarily

A

yes

78
Q

is skeletal muscle tissue striated

A

yes-most intensely

79
Q

where is skeletal muscle tissue found

A

connected to bones of the skeleton

80
Q

what is skeletal muscle tissue controlled by

A

somatic nervous system

81
Q

what percentage of neurons make up all nerve cells

A

10%

82
Q

what do neurons do

A

convert stimuli into nerve impulses
pass impulses to other neurons, muscle fibers, or glands

83
Q

can neurons regenerate

A

no

84
Q

what percent of neuroglia make up all nerve cells

A

90%

85
Q

what do neuroglia do

A

support and protect neurons
don’t generate nerve impulses

86
Q

can neuroglia regenerate

A

yes

87
Q

what to tendons connect

A

muscle to bone

88
Q

what do ligaments connect

A

bone to bone

89
Q

define tissue

A

any group of cells that are similar in nature and structure

90
Q

lines body cavities and covers body’s external surface

A

epithelium

91
Q

pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body, allows one to swing a bat

A

muscular

92
Q

transmits waves of excitation

A

nervous

93
Q

anchors and packages body organs

A

connective

94
Q

cells may absorb, protect, or form a filtering membrane

A

epithelial

95
Q

most involved in regulating body functions quickly

A

nervous

96
Q

major function is to contract

A

muscular

97
Q

the most durable tissue type

A

connective

98
Q

abundant nonliving extracellular matrix

A

connective

99
Q

forms nerves

A

nervous

100
Q

what epithelial tissue is best suited for areas subject to friction

A

stratified squamous

101
Q

what epithelial tissue propels substances across its surface

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

102
Q

what epithelial tissue is most suited for rapid diffusion

A

simple squamous

103
Q

what epithelial tissue is responsible for the tubules of the kidney

A

simple cuboidal

104
Q

what epithelial lines much of the respiratory tract

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

105
Q

what epithelial tissue stretches

A

transitional

106
Q

what epithelial tissue lines the small and large intestines

A

simple columnar

107
Q

what epithelial tissue lines the esophagus

A

stratified squamus

108
Q

what epithelial tissue lines the bladder

A

transitional

109
Q

what type of epithelial tissue is a part of the alveolar sacs or air sacs of the lungs

A

simple squamous

110
Q

what connective tissue attaches bones to bones and muscles to bones

A

regular dense fibrous connective

111
Q

what connective tissue forms hip bone

A

osseous tissue

112
Q

what connective tissue composes basement membranes; a soft packaging tissue with a jellylike matrix

A

areolar

113
Q

what forms the larynx and the costal cartilages of the ribs

A

hyaline cartilage

114
Q

what has firm matrix heavily invaded with fibers; appears glassy and smooth

A

hyaline cartilage

115
Q

which matrix is ard and provides levels for muscles to act on

A

osseous

116
Q

what insulates against heat loss and provides reserve fuel

A

adipose tissue

117
Q

what makes up intervertebral discs

A

fibrocartilage

Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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