Tissues Flashcards
what is epithelial tissue
the lining tissue that forms the boundary between the body and external environment
functions of epithelial tissue
protection
absorption
filtration
secretion
diffusion
what is the apical surface
the free surface at the top of an epithelial tissue
what is the basal surface
the bottom surface of epithelial tissue
what is the membrane underneath the basal surface of epithelium
basement membran
what are avascular tissues
tissues with no blood vessels
how are epithelial tissues classified
by the number of layers and shape of the cells
what type of epithelial tissues only have one layer of cells
simple
what type of epithelial tissues have more than one layer of cells
stratified
what is simple squamous epithelium
single, flat layer of cells that’s thin and permeable
function of simple squamous epithelium
rapid diffusion of materials
location of simple squamous epithelium
blood vessels and lung tissues
what is simple cuboidal epithelium
a single layer of cube shaped cells
function of simple cuboidal epithelium
secretion and absorption
what is simple columnar epithelium
single layer of tall, closely packed cells which often have cilia and goblet cells that secrete mucus
function of simple columnar epithelium
secretion of mucus for protection and absorption of substances
microvilli
where is simple columnar epithelium found
in the lining of the digestive tract
what three characteristics do all epithelial tissues have
free surface, basal surface, basement membrane
what does stratified squamous epithelium do
thick layers that provide protection for underlying layers
where is stratified squamous epithelium found
in epidermal layer of the skin
what is stratified cuboidal epithelium
more than one layer of cuboidal cells
rare in body
where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found
mammary glands, salivary glands
structure of stratified columnar epithelium
free surface lined with columnar cells
rare
where is stratified columnar epithelium found
larynx and male urethra
structure of pseudostratified epithelium
cell nuclei are found at different levels so it appears stratified, though it is not
function of pseudostratified epithelium
secretion and absorption
where is pseudostratified epithelium found
most of the upper respiratory tract
what is the structure transitional epithelium
the free surface cells of transitional epithelium vary in appearance based on the stretching of the tissue
how does transitional epithelium transition
by changing shape with elasticity and being pulled
where is transitional epithelium found
lining of the urinary bladder
what is the structure of glandular epithelium
a gland is made of a group of cells that secrete a fluid substance
in what two ways are glands classified
complexity
and how substances are secreted
exocrine
endocrine
what do exocrine glands do
secrete substances outward through a duct
what do endocrine glands do
they’re ductless glands that secrete hormones through the bloodstream
what are merocrine glands
cells that excrete the products via exocytosis
(sweat glands)
what are apocrine glands
when a portion of the cell pinches off with the secreted products
(mammary glands)
what are holocrine glands
cells rupture and spill products into the duct
what are the characteristics of endocrine glands
secrete hormones into the blood so they can be delivered over longer distance
packed tightly together with capillaries running through the glandular tissue
cells that excrete products through exocytosis into the blood
functions of connective tissue
dont provide support and bind other tissues together
provide insulation and protection for other tissues
able to transport substances
what characteristics do all connective tissues share
formed from one type of stem cell
vary in their degree of vascularity (presence of blood vessels)
mostly composed of extracellular matrix (ECM)
types of loose connective tissue
areolar
adipose
reticular
types of dense connective tissue
regular
irregular
elastic
what is arelar connective tissue
mostly open space
holds water and salts for surrounding organs
found under epithelium and around organs
what is adipose connective tissue
cushiony
comprised of fat cells (adipocytes)
have large vacuoles that contain fat/ oil/ lipids
insulates and warms the body
provides nutrients to other cells
what is reticular connective tissue
contains reticular fibers which create a stiff framework that supports other cells
parts of extracellular matrix
ground substance
fibers
what fibers are present in extracellular matrix
collagen (strong, flexible, moldable)
elastic fibers (stretchy)
reticular fibers (thin “branch of collagen)
what are the types of cartilage
hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic
characteristics of hyaline cartilage
STRONGEST
glassy looking
firm matrix with lacuna
LOTS of collagen (homogenous)
lacuna
spaces for cells
where is hyaline cartilage found
layrnx
bridge of nose
ribs
what is fibrocartilage
it contains lots of collagen
runs parallel
always for compression
where is fibrocartilage tissue
found in intervertebral spaces
elastic cartilage
highly flexible
many elastic fibers
where is elastic cartilage found
outer ears and tip of nose
characteristics of bone/osseous tissue
osteocytes secrete ground substances, fibers, collagen, and fluids
ground substance is calcified
2 types of osseous tissue
spongy and compact
what type of cell is in hyaline cartilage
chondrocyte
types of vascular tissue
mast cells
macrophages
blood cells
what do mast cells do
detect foreign substances
structure of mast cells
contains granules that secrete inflammatory chemicals
what are macrophages
blob like cells that engulf invading substances or organisms
what are blood cells
red blood cells (no nucleus) carry oxygen
white blood cells (nucleus) provide immune response
types of muscle tissue
smooth
cardiac
skeletal
tissues of nervous system
neurons
neuroglia
does smooth muscle tissue contract voluntarily or involuntarily
involunntarily
is smooth muscle striated
no
where is smooth muscle found
walls of stomach
uterus
intestines
bladder
arteries
veins
eyes
which type of tissue is tapered at the ends
smooth muscle tissue
what type of tissue has branching cells and intercalated discs
cardiac muscle tissue
what are intercalated discs
connections between cells that inc communication and allow for contraction in unison
do cardiac muscles contract voluntarily
no
striated or non-striated –> cardiac muscle tissue
striated
where is the cardiac muscle tissue
cardiac muscle tissue
what activated cardiac muscle tissue
brain or hormones
structural characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue
multi nucleate
long and cylindrical shaped cells
does skeletal muscle tissue contract voluntarily
yes
is skeletal muscle tissue striated
yes-most intensely
where is skeletal muscle tissue found
connected to bones of the skeleton
what is skeletal muscle tissue controlled by
somatic nervous system
what percentage of neurons make up all nerve cells
10%
what do neurons do
convert stimuli into nerve impulses
pass impulses to other neurons, muscle fibers, or glands
can neurons regenerate
no
what percent of neuroglia make up all nerve cells
90%
what do neuroglia do
support and protect neurons
don’t generate nerve impulses
can neuroglia regenerate
yes
what to tendons connect
muscle to bone
what do ligaments connect
bone to bone
define tissue
any group of cells that are similar in nature and structure
lines body cavities and covers body’s external surface
epithelium
pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body, allows one to swing a bat
muscular
transmits waves of excitation
nervous
anchors and packages body organs
connective
cells may absorb, protect, or form a filtering membrane
epithelial
most involved in regulating body functions quickly
nervous
major function is to contract
muscular
the most durable tissue type
connective
abundant nonliving extracellular matrix
connective
forms nerves
nervous
what epithelial tissue is best suited for areas subject to friction
stratified squamous
what epithelial tissue propels substances across its surface
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
what epithelial tissue is most suited for rapid diffusion
simple squamous
what epithelial tissue is responsible for the tubules of the kidney
simple cuboidal
what epithelial lines much of the respiratory tract
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
what epithelial tissue stretches
transitional
what epithelial tissue lines the small and large intestines
simple columnar
what epithelial tissue lines the esophagus
stratified squamus
what epithelial tissue lines the bladder
transitional
what type of epithelial tissue is a part of the alveolar sacs or air sacs of the lungs
simple squamous
what connective tissue attaches bones to bones and muscles to bones
regular dense fibrous connective
what connective tissue forms hip bone
osseous tissue
what connective tissue composes basement membranes; a soft packaging tissue with a jellylike matrix
areolar
what forms the larynx and the costal cartilages of the ribs
hyaline cartilage
what has firm matrix heavily invaded with fibers; appears glassy and smooth
hyaline cartilage
which matrix is ard and provides levels for muscles to act on
osseous
what insulates against heat loss and provides reserve fuel
adipose tissue
what makes up intervertebral discs
fibrocartilage
