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bio 1 > Unit 1 (Test 1) > Flashcards

Unit 1 (Test 1) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 types of macromolecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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2
Q

what are carbohydrates made of?

A

carbon and H2O

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3
Q

which macromolecules are polymers?

A

carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids

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4
Q

are carbohydrates soluble in water? why?

A

yes, since they are polar (they contain oxygen)

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5
Q

are lipids soluble in water? why?

A

no, they are nonpolar (only made up of C and H)

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6
Q

are proteins soluble in water? why?

A

some are, some are not. It depends on the type of amino acids and R-groups that make the amino acid.

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7
Q

which types of amino acids add reactivity to the protein?

A

charged ones

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7
Q

what are the 4 groups of amino acids?

A
  • nonpolar
  • uncharged nonpolar
  • negatively charged polar
  • positively charged polar
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8
Q

what are uncharged polar amino acids?

A

uncharged, but have an oxygen, so are polar

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9
Q

what is the function of chitin?

A

support and rigidity

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10
Q

what is the function of cellulose?

A

support and rigidity

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11
Q

what is the function of glycogen?

A

energy storage

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12
Q

what is the function of starch?

A

energy storage

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13
Q

what are the hydrophobic properties of lipids?

A
  • can mix with other nonpolar molecules
  • steroids made of lipids can easily diffuse through cell membrane
  • can be used as cell membrane when they have dual solubility (creates wall between cell and exterior)
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14
Q

explain how a cell membrane made of phospholipids is made.

A

its hydrophobic tail is repulsed by the water outside the cell and in the cell, so it gathers in the center, leaving the hydrophilic head in contact with the inside and outside of cell. This creates a wall.

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15
Q

how do amino acids affect the function of the protein?

A
  • the type of R-group (soluble or not, polar or not)
  • the type of amino acid (soluble or not, polar or not)
  • the way they are folded
  • different combinations of amino acids
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16
Q

what are the components of a nucleotide?

A
  • a nitrogenous bas (rings of carbon and nitrogen)
  • a five-carbon ring shaped sugar
  • one to three phosphate groups
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17
Q

what is life?

A
  • display order
  • harness and utilize energy
  • reproduce
  • respond to stimuli
  • exhibit homeostasis
  • grow and develop
  • evolve
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18
Q

what are the bonds of amino acids?

A

NH3, COOH, H, R-group

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19
Q

what are some similarities between archea and bacteria?

A
  • no nucleus
  • single chromosome
  • no organelles
  • ribosomes
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20
Q

what are some differences between archea and bacteria?

A
  • archea have histones, not bacteria
  • bacteria have peptidoglycan, not archea
  • archea has multiple RNA polymerase
21
Q

what are some similarities between archea and eukaryotes?

A
  • histones
  • multiple RNA polymerase
    -ribosomes
22
Q

what are some similarities between bacteria and eukarya?

A
  • ribosomes
22
Q

what are some differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A
  • eukarya has a nucleus
  • eukarya has more than 1 chromosome
  • eukarya have organelles
23
Q

what are the unique characteristics of eukaryotes?

A
  • seperation of DNA and cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope (nucleus)
  • presence of organelles (membrane bound compartments with specialized function) in the cytoplasm
24
Q

what are some examples of organelles?

A
  • mitochondria
  • chloroplast
25
Q

what are the main characteristics of bacteria?

A
  • cell membrane made of phospholipids
  • cell wall made of peptidoglycan
  • 2 shapes: coccus of bacillus
  • Gram+: thick cell wall
  • Gram-: thin cell wall
26
Q

what is the evolution of bacteria?

A

they were the first organisms through the form of blue/green algae

27
Q

what are the main roles of bacteria in an ecosystem?

A
  • metabolize many substrates (recycling C, O, N, ex: photosynthesis)
  • can act as enzymes
  • chemoheterotrophs
  • chemoautotrophs
  • photoheterotrophs
  • photoautotrophs
28
Q

what does chemoheterotroph mean?

A

extract energy from chemical bonds in molecules and use organic substances as a source of carbon

29
Q

what does chemoautotroph mean?

A

extract energy from chemical bonds in molecules and use inorganic substances as source of carbon

30
Q

what does photoheterotroph mean?

A

uses light as a source of energy and organic substances as a source of carbon

31
Q

what does photoautotroph mean?

A

uses light as a source of energy and CO2 as a source of C - produce organic molecules by themselves by photosynthesis

32
Q

what are the main characteristics of archea?

A
  • live in extreme environments
33
Q

what is the evolution of archea?

A
  • ressembles more eukarya than bacteria
34
Q

what are the roles of archea in an ecosystem?

A
  • chemoheterotrophs
  • chemoautotrophs
  • photoautotrophs
  • role in carbon and nitrogen cycles
  • very important in oceans
35
Q

what are the characteristics of protists?

A
  • mostly unicellular
  • nucleus and multiple linear chromosomes
  • organelles (mitochondria, chloroplast, microtubules; motility and cytoskeletal support)
36
Q

in what category does algae go in?

A

protists (plant like protists)

37
Q

what are the roles of protists in an ecosystem?

A
  • chemoheterotrophs (phagocytosis (engulf other organisms for organic molecules) or diffusion)
  • photoautotrophs
38
Q

what are the characteristics of fungi?

A

they have a cell wall made of chitin

39
Q

what is the evolution of fungi?

A
  • first were aquatic and then brought to land
40
Q

what are the roles of fungi in ecosystem?

A
  • saprotrophs: decompose organic matter (obtain C from nonliving materials)
  • symbiont (obtain C from living materials by cohabitating)
  • release enzymes
  • produce antibacterial compounds
41
Q

how do the roles in the ecosystem of fungi help them live?

A

they have competition with prokaryotes for the nutrients. The antibacterial compounds they release prevents other organisms to live.

42
Q

what is an example of symbiont fungi?

A

mycorrhizas (fungus roots), lichen

43
Q

what are the characteristics of animals?

A
  • muticellular
  • no cell wall
  • heterotrophs
  • use O to metabolize food
  • store excess energy as glycogen
  • motile at some point in their lives
  • reproduce asexually or sexually
44
Q

what is the evolution of animals?

A

come from protists whose cells became specialized and 2 cell layers were produced

45
Q

what are the roles of animals in the ecosystem?

A
  • often at the top of the food chain
  • all chemoheterotrophs
46
Q

what are the characteristics of plants?

A
  • have a cell wall made of cellulose
  • produce chlorophyll as a photosynthesic pigment
  • store excess sugar as starch
  • have 2 multicellular phases
  • multicellular
47
Q

what is the evolution of plants?

A

they come from green algae

48
Q

what are the roles of plants in the ecosystem?

A
  • photoautotrophs
  • provide nutritional foundation for all ecosystems
49
Q

how are the roles of plants related to their characteristics?

A

by storing sugar as starch, they provide nutritions for other organisms.

50
Q
A

bio 1 (5 decks)

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