Unit 1 Flashcards
1
Q
how do you identify a carbohydrate?
A
it has C, H, and O in this ratio = 1:2:1
2
Q
what is a monosaccharide?
A
simple glucid made of one molecule (1 sugar)
3
Q
what is the monomer for carbohydrates?
A
glucose
4
Q
are carbohydrates soluble? why?
A
yes, because they are highly polar because of their many oxygens
5
Q
what is a disaccharide?
A
2 monosaccharides (2 sugar)
6
Q
what are betalinks?
A
hard to break links, since they are perpendicular.
7
Q
what are alphalinks?
A
easy to break links, since they are in parallel
8
Q
what is an example of a betalink and the enzyme required to break it?
A
lactose; betagalactosidase
9
Q
what are polysaccharides?
A
long chains of many monosaccharides
9
Q
what is an example of an alphalink and the enzyme to break it?
A
sucrose; alphagalactosidase
10
Q
what are examples of polysaccarides and their roles?
A
- cellulose and chitin: support and rigidity
- glycogen and starch: energy storage
11
Q
what is an example of cellulose?
A
sheath of a corn kennel
12
Q
what is an example of starch?
A
inside of a corn kennel
13
Q
what is an enzyme?
A
a molecule with catalytic activity that favors reactions within living cells.
14
Q
are lipids water soluble? why?
A
no, because they have no oxygen, so are nonpolar.
15
Q
what are the 3 types of lipids?
A
- fatty acids
- steroids
- phospholipids
16
Q
what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated lipid?
A
unsaturated: more soluble, easier to process by body, not all carbons are saturated with H
saturated: every carbon is maxed out with H
17
Q
what is an example of unsaturated lipid?
A
omega 3-6-9
18
Q
can steroids be hormones?
A
yes
19
Q
are all steroids lipids?
A
no, but some are lipid based
20
Q
can lipid hormones diffuse through the cell? why?
A
yes, because the cell membrane is also made of lipids, so they can easily diffuse through.
21
Q
what is an example of lipid hormones?
A
estrogen (why birth control patch works)
22
Q
what is the main component of the cell membrane?
A
phospholipids
23
Q
are phospholipids soluble?
A
they have dual solubility.
24
explain what dual solubility is.
the lipid has a hydrophilic head which is polar, but it has a hydrophobic tail, which is nonpolar. The tail wants to get as far away from water as possible, so a bilayer gets created (tail in middle and head on extremities (in contact with water))
25
what is a polymer?
a chain of monomers
26
what is the monomer for proteins?
amino acids
27
are lipids polymers?
no
28
what are the functions of proteins?
structure, enzymes, proteins, receptors and more
29
what is the general structure of an amino acid?
central carbon atom, attached to amino group, carboxyl group and hydrogen atom. the remaining c bond is one of the R-group.
30
what is an R-group?
- 20 different R-groups
- side chain
- creates amino acids
31
what is the action molecule of life?
proteins
32
what are the 4 types of amino acids?
- nonpolar
- uncharged polar
- negatively charged polar
- positively charged polar
33
in nonpolar amino acids, which part is nonpolar?
the R-group, not the whole amino acid.
34
are uncharged polar amino acids soluble?
yes, because they have oxygen.
35
are negatively/positively charged amino acids polar?
yes.
36
which amino acids add reactivity to the protein?
negatively/positively charged
37
what is the link between each pair of amino acids?
polypeptide
38
what is a polypeptide?
a peptide bond (glue to hold together) formed by dehydration synthesis between NH2 group and COOH group.
39
what is the main function of nucleic acids?
storing genetic information (DNA, RNA)
39
what is the monomer of nucleic acid?
nucleotide
40
what is the difference between a polypeptide and a protein?
polyppeptide= string of amino acids
protein: polypeptide that has folded into the specific 3d shaped that is required for the function of most proteins
40
what forms the backbone of a nucleic acid?
- alternating sugar and phosphate group
41
what influences the functions of the different proteins?
nb of amino acids, order, arrangement, properties of amino acids, the way they fold
42
are nucleic acids polymers?
yes
43
what are the characteristics of DNA?
- stable molecule
- 2 strands - double helix
- stored in the nucleus
- complementary nitrogen base pairs (BP) = Adeine (A) - Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) - Guanine (G)
43
what are the three parts that are linked in nucleotides?
1. a nitrogenous base formed from rings of carbon and nitrogen
2. a five carbon, ring-shaped sugar
3. one to three phosphate groups
44
what are the characteristics of RNA?
- single strand
- not as strong as DNA
- can leave the nucleus
- complementary bases = Adeine (A) - Uracile (U), Cytosine (C) - Guanine (G)
44
what are the nitrogenous bases?
A (adeine),G (guanine),C (cytosine),T (thymine),U (uracil)
45
what are the 7 characteristics of life?
- display order
- harness and utilize energy
- reproduce
- respond to stimuli
- exhibit homeostosis (adapting to environment)
- grow and develop
- evolve
46
what are the 3 domains of life?
archea, bacteria, eukarya
47
which domains are prokaryots and which are eukaryotes?
- bacteria and archea : prokarya
- eukarya: eukaryotes
48
what does prokaryotes mean?
before the nucleus (prokaryotes dont have a nucleus)
49
what other domain does eukarya have the most in common with?
archea
50
what is the last universal common ancestor of all 3 domains?
luca
51
what is the way to name species of living things?
genus gets capital letter and both names are underlined or in italic
52
how is the DNA in a prokaryot?
- in a circular molecule that unfolds when released from cell (prokaryotic chromosome)
53
what are some characteristics of prokaryotes?
- no structure inside (no organelles)
- proteins very concentrated in cytoplasm, since no organelles.
- have ribosomes
54
what are prokaryotes?
bacteria and archea
55
what are ribosomes?
complex molecule (unit of RNA) that convert DNA to proteins
56
in what domain does kingdom bacteria belong?
prokaryotes
57
what are the 2 shapes of bacteria?
- rod shape (bacillus) :)
- spherical shape (cocci) :(
58
does bacteria have a cell wall, if so made of what?
yes, made of peptidoglycan
59
what is peptidoglycan?
polymer of sugars and amino acids
60
what are the 2 arrangement of cell walls in bacteria?
- gram + (thick cell wall)
- gram - (thin cell wall)
61
what is the main characteristic of archea?
it lives in extreme environments
(extremophiles)
61
what are some characteristics bacteria and archea have in common?
- no nucleus
- one single chromosome
- no mitochondria or chloroplast
62
what is the theory of endosymbiosis?
that bacteria was engulfed by the original prokaryotic host cell, and became the mitochondria (why it has a double membrane.)
63
what are fungi cell walls made of?
chitin: a polysacchararide
63
what are the 2 characteristics that distinguish eukaryotes from prokaryotes?
- nucleus
- presence of organelles
63
what are the characteristics of protists?
- nucleus
- multiple linear chromosomes
-mitochondria and chloroplast
64
what is the definition of a protist?
a eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, land plant or fungus.
64
what are the roles of protists?
- chemoheterotrophs: extracting energy from chemical bonds and obtaining carbon from organic molecules produced by other organisms (heterotrophs)
- photoautotrophs: produce organic molecules for themselves by photosynthesis
65
what are the roles of fungi in an ecosystem?
- heterotrophic eukaryotes that obtain carbon by breaking down organic molecules.
- decompose organic matter
- releases enzymes
- producing antibacterial compounds
65
what were the first fungi?
aquatic. they would have been brought on land with other kinds of organisms.
66
what is saprotroph for fungi?
if a fungus obtains carbon from nonliving materials.
67
what is a symbiont for fungi?
if a fungus obtains carbon from a living organism. (they live together and each benefit the other in a way = mutualism, one organism benefits from the other = parasitism)
68
what are mycorrhizas?
(fungus roots) symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots
69
what are the characteristics of kingdom animalia?
- eukaryotic multicellular organisms
- no cell wall (direct contact between cells)
- heterotrophs: depend on other life forms for their food
- use oxygen to metabolize food
- store excess sugar as glycogen
- motile at some point in their life
70
do animals reproduce sexually or asexually?
both
71
what are the types of asexual reproduction?
fission (split into 2), budding (2nd you that stick to you and drop), fragmentation (dropping), parthenogenesis (female produces eggs that won't be fertilized but will grow into other females who can do the same)
CREATE IDENTICAL ORGANISMS
72
what is sexual reproduction?
- 2 gametes: ovum (female) sperm (male)
- they fuse together and form a zygote (diploid)
- creates genetic diversity
73
what does diploid mean?
2 pairs of chromosomes (2 copied of each)
74
what does haploid mean?
1 set of chromosomes (1 copy of each)
75
what is the evolution of animals?
- came from a protist that developped and created a digestive cavity.
76
what are the roles of animals in an ecosystem?
- at the top of food chain
- chemoheterotrophs
77
what are the characteristics of kingdom plantae?
- produce chloropyhll as a photosynthetic pigment used in photosynthesis
- produce chloroplasts
- have a cell wall made of cellulose
- store excess sugar as starch
- don't move
- have 2 multicellular phases (sporophytes and gametophytes)
78
what is the evolution of plants?
come from green algae
79
what are the roles of plants in an ecosystem?
- photoautotrophs: primary producers
- provide nutritional foundation for all ecosystems on earth.
