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Unit 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how do you identify a carbohydrate?

A

it has C, H, and O in this ratio = 1:2:1

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2
Q

what is a monosaccharide?

A

simple glucid made of one molecule (1 sugar)

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3
Q

what is the monomer for carbohydrates?

A

glucose

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4
Q

are carbohydrates soluble? why?

A

yes, because they are highly polar because of their many oxygens

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5
Q

what is a disaccharide?

A

2 monosaccharides (2 sugar)

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6
Q

what are betalinks?

A

hard to break links, since they are perpendicular.

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7
Q

what are alphalinks?

A

easy to break links, since they are in parallel

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8
Q

what is an example of a betalink and the enzyme required to break it?

A

lactose; betagalactosidase

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9
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

long chains of many monosaccharides

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9
Q

what is an example of an alphalink and the enzyme to break it?

A

sucrose; alphagalactosidase

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10
Q

what are examples of polysaccarides and their roles?

A
  • cellulose and chitin: support and rigidity
  • glycogen and starch: energy storage
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11
Q

what is an example of cellulose?

A

sheath of a corn kennel

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12
Q

what is an example of starch?

A

inside of a corn kennel

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13
Q

what is an enzyme?

A

a molecule with catalytic activity that favors reactions within living cells.

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14
Q

are lipids water soluble? why?

A

no, because they have no oxygen, so are nonpolar.

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15
Q

what are the 3 types of lipids?

A
  • fatty acids
  • steroids
  • phospholipids
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16
Q

what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated lipid?

A

unsaturated: more soluble, easier to process by body, not all carbons are saturated with H
saturated: every carbon is maxed out with H

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17
Q

what is an example of unsaturated lipid?

A

omega 3-6-9

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18
Q

can steroids be hormones?

A

yes

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19
Q

are all steroids lipids?

A

no, but some are lipid based

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20
Q

can lipid hormones diffuse through the cell? why?

A

yes, because the cell membrane is also made of lipids, so they can easily diffuse through.

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21
Q

what is an example of lipid hormones?

A

estrogen (why birth control patch works)

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22
Q

what is the main component of the cell membrane?

A

phospholipids

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23
Q

are phospholipids soluble?

A

they have dual solubility.

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24
Q

explain what dual solubility is.

A

the lipid has a hydrophilic head which is polar, but it has a hydrophobic tail, which is nonpolar. The tail wants to get as far away from water as possible, so a bilayer gets created (tail in middle and head on extremities (in contact with water))

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25
Q

what is a polymer?

A

a chain of monomers

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26
Q

what is the monomer for proteins?

A

amino acids

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27
Q

are lipids polymers?

A

no

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28
Q

what are the functions of proteins?

A

structure, enzymes, proteins, receptors and more

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29
Q

what is the general structure of an amino acid?

A

central carbon atom, attached to amino group, carboxyl group and hydrogen atom. the remaining c bond is one of the R-group.

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30
Q

what is an R-group?

A
  • 20 different R-groups
  • side chain
  • creates amino acids
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31
Q

what is the action molecule of life?

A

proteins

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32
Q

what are the 4 types of amino acids?

A
  • nonpolar
  • uncharged polar
  • negatively charged polar
  • positively charged polar
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33
Q

in nonpolar amino acids, which part is nonpolar?

A

the R-group, not the whole amino acid.

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34
Q

are uncharged polar amino acids soluble?

A

yes, because they have oxygen.

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35
Q

are negatively/positively charged amino acids polar?

A

yes.

36
Q

which amino acids add reactivity to the protein?

A

negatively/positively charged

37
Q

what is the link between each pair of amino acids?

A

polypeptide

38
Q

what is a polypeptide?

A

a peptide bond (glue to hold together) formed by dehydration synthesis between NH2 group and COOH group.

39
Q

what is the main function of nucleic acids?

A

storing genetic information (DNA, RNA)

39
Q

what is the monomer of nucleic acid?

A

nucleotide

40
Q

what is the difference between a polypeptide and a protein?

A

polyppeptide= string of amino acids
protein: polypeptide that has folded into the specific 3d shaped that is required for the function of most proteins

40
Q

what forms the backbone of a nucleic acid?

A
  • alternating sugar and phosphate group
41
Q

what influences the functions of the different proteins?

A

nb of amino acids, order, arrangement, properties of amino acids, the way they fold

42
Q

are nucleic acids polymers?

A

yes

43
Q

what are the characteristics of DNA?

A
  • stable molecule
  • 2 strands - double helix
  • stored in the nucleus
  • complementary nitrogen base pairs (BP) = Adeine (A) - Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) - Guanine (G)
43
Q

what are the three parts that are linked in nucleotides?

A
  1. a nitrogenous base formed from rings of carbon and nitrogen
  2. a five carbon, ring-shaped sugar
  3. one to three phosphate groups
44
Q

what are the characteristics of RNA?

A
  • single strand
  • not as strong as DNA
  • can leave the nucleus
  • complementary bases = Adeine (A) - Uracile (U), Cytosine (C) - Guanine (G)
44
Q

what are the nitrogenous bases?

A

A (adeine),G (guanine),C (cytosine),T (thymine),U (uracil)

45
Q

what are the 7 characteristics of life?

A
  • display order
  • harness and utilize energy
  • reproduce
  • respond to stimuli
  • exhibit homeostosis (adapting to environment)
  • grow and develop
  • evolve
46
Q

what are the 3 domains of life?

A

archea, bacteria, eukarya

47
Q

which domains are prokaryots and which are eukaryotes?

A
  • bacteria and archea : prokarya
  • eukarya: eukaryotes
48
Q

what does prokaryotes mean?

A

before the nucleus (prokaryotes dont have a nucleus)

49
Q

what other domain does eukarya have the most in common with?

A

archea

50
Q

what is the last universal common ancestor of all 3 domains?

A

luca

51
Q

what is the way to name species of living things?

A

genus gets capital letter and both names are underlined or in italic

52
Q

how is the DNA in a prokaryot?

A
  • in a circular molecule that unfolds when released from cell (prokaryotic chromosome)
53
Q

what are some characteristics of prokaryotes?

A
  • no structure inside (no organelles)
  • proteins very concentrated in cytoplasm, since no organelles.
  • have ribosomes
54
Q

what are prokaryotes?

A

bacteria and archea

55
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

complex molecule (unit of RNA) that convert DNA to proteins

56
Q

in what domain does kingdom bacteria belong?

A

prokaryotes

57
Q

what are the 2 shapes of bacteria?

A
  • rod shape (bacillus) :)
  • spherical shape (cocci) :(
58
Q

does bacteria have a cell wall, if so made of what?

A

yes, made of peptidoglycan

59
Q

what is peptidoglycan?

A

polymer of sugars and amino acids

60
Q

what are the 2 arrangement of cell walls in bacteria?

A
  • gram + (thick cell wall)
  • gram - (thin cell wall)
61
Q

what is the main characteristic of archea?

A

it lives in extreme environments
(extremophiles)

61
Q

what are some characteristics bacteria and archea have in common?

A
  • no nucleus
  • one single chromosome
  • no mitochondria or chloroplast
62
Q

what is the theory of endosymbiosis?

A

that bacteria was engulfed by the original prokaryotic host cell, and became the mitochondria (why it has a double membrane.)

63
Q

what are fungi cell walls made of?

A

chitin: a polysacchararide

63
Q

what are the 2 characteristics that distinguish eukaryotes from prokaryotes?

A
  • nucleus
  • presence of organelles
63
Q

what are the characteristics of protists?

A
  • nucleus
  • multiple linear chromosomes
    -mitochondria and chloroplast
64
Q

what is the definition of a protist?

A

a eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, land plant or fungus.

64
Q

what are the roles of protists?

A
  • chemoheterotrophs: extracting energy from chemical bonds and obtaining carbon from organic molecules produced by other organisms (heterotrophs)
  • photoautotrophs: produce organic molecules for themselves by photosynthesis
65
Q

what are the roles of fungi in an ecosystem?

A
  • heterotrophic eukaryotes that obtain carbon by breaking down organic molecules.
  • decompose organic matter
  • releases enzymes
  • producing antibacterial compounds
65
Q

what were the first fungi?

A

aquatic. they would have been brought on land with other kinds of organisms.

66
Q

what is saprotroph for fungi?

A

if a fungus obtains carbon from nonliving materials.

67
Q

what is a symbiont for fungi?

A

if a fungus obtains carbon from a living organism. (they live together and each benefit the other in a way = mutualism, one organism benefits from the other = parasitism)

68
Q

what are mycorrhizas?

A

(fungus roots) symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots

69
Q

what are the characteristics of kingdom animalia?

A
  • eukaryotic multicellular organisms
  • no cell wall (direct contact between cells)
  • heterotrophs: depend on other life forms for their food
  • use oxygen to metabolize food
  • store excess sugar as glycogen
  • motile at some point in their life
70
Q

do animals reproduce sexually or asexually?

A

both

71
Q

what are the types of asexual reproduction?

A

fission (split into 2), budding (2nd you that stick to you and drop), fragmentation (dropping), parthenogenesis (female produces eggs that won’t be fertilized but will grow into other females who can do the same)
CREATE IDENTICAL ORGANISMS

72
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A
  • 2 gametes: ovum (female) sperm (male)
  • they fuse together and form a zygote (diploid)
  • creates genetic diversity
73
Q

what does diploid mean?

A

2 pairs of chromosomes (2 copied of each)

74
Q

what does haploid mean?

A

1 set of chromosomes (1 copy of each)

75
Q

what is the evolution of animals?

A
  • came from a protist that developped and created a digestive cavity.
76
Q

what are the roles of animals in an ecosystem?

A
  • at the top of food chain
  • chemoheterotrophs
77
Q

what are the characteristics of kingdom plantae?

A
  • produce chloropyhll as a photosynthetic pigment used in photosynthesis
  • produce chloroplasts
  • have a cell wall made of cellulose
  • store excess sugar as starch
  • don’t move
  • have 2 multicellular phases (sporophytes and gametophytes)
78
Q

what is the evolution of plants?

A

come from green algae

79
Q

what are the roles of plants in an ecosystem?

A
  • photoautotrophs: primary producers
  • provide nutritional foundation for all ecosystems on earth.

bio 1 (5 decks)

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