Unit 1 Study Guide

Question 1

Structure of all cells:

Answer 1

DNA, cytoplasmic membrane, ribosomes, and cytoplasm

Question 2

Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes

Answer 2

Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea-
-no organelles
-no nucleus, do have a nucleoid region
-single, circular chromosome
-may also have plasmids (extrachromosomal DNA- antibiotic resistance

Question 3

Shapes of Bacteria
cocci-
rod-
spirilium-
spirochete-
budding and appendaged-
filamentous-

Answer 3

round
rod
noodle
spiral
golf clubs, sperms
string

Question 4

Why are bacteria limited to such small sizes?

Answer 4

surface area to volume. small size= easier to metabolize and waste

Question 5

3 domains of life:

Answer 5

bacteria
archaea (associated with extreme environments,, no known pathogens of plants or animals
eukarya

Question 6

Why are viruses not living cells?

Answer 6

need host to replicate
-do not carry out metabolism

Question 7

How do microorganisms affect humans?

Answer 7

infectious diseases (bacterial and viral pathogens. food and agriculture, can preserve or spoil food, vaccinations, antibiotic therapy, , energy generation-methane, biofuels, biofilms-pipes, implanted medical devices, cavities, gum disease

Question 8

Robert Koch

Answer 8

-first to describe microbes
-illustrated fruiting structures of mold
-linked microbes and infectious disease (germ theory)
-identified causative agents of anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera
-Koch’s postulates: cause and effect in infectious diseases
-developed solid media
-observed that colonies differ in shapes, size, nutrient requirements
-nobel prize for physiology and med

Question 9

Louis Pasteur-

Answer 9

-alcoholic fermentation biological not just chemical process
-swan-necked Pasteur flask
-disproved spontaneous generation
-led to sterilization methods and food preservation
-developed vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies

Question 10

Sergei Winogradsky

Answer 10

-chemolithotrophy (oxidation of only inorganic compounds to yield energy-use C from CO2-autotrophy)
-specific bacteria are linked to specific biogeographical transformations
-studied Beggiatoa
-first to demonstrate nitrogen fixation and nitrification

Question 11

Martinis Beijerink

Answer 11

-enrichment culture technique
-isolated first aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacterium (aztobacter)
-first to observe virus

Question 12

Frederick Griffith

Answer 12

-streptococcus pneumonia and transformation(genetic transfer in bacteria and DNA is a genetic material)

Question 13

Carl Woese

Answer 13

-tree of life
-realized rRNA sequences could be used to infer evolutionary relationships
-named new group Archaea
-phylogeny

Question 14

Antoni van Leeuenhoek

Answer 14

first to see bacteria with light microscope, animalcules

Question 15

Robert Hook

Answer 15

first to see cells, plants- cork