Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych > Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Nature v. Nurture Debate

A

Nature is the genetics to show behavior & Nurture is how your behavior is affected by your upbringing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dualism

A

The mind & body both exist as separate entities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Tabula Rosa

A

Individuals are born empty-minded, all knowledge comes from future experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Introspection

A

Personal observation of mental events such as thoughts, feelings, and sensations, (Wundt)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Structuralism

A

Study of sensations & personal experiences analyzed as basic elements (Wundt’s ideas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Functionalism

A

A school of psychology where behavior adapts to environmental obstacles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Eclectic

A

Different forms and techniques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Applied Research

A

Scientific study that focuses on solving problems, curing illnesses, & innovating new technologies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Basic Research

A

Theory-driven, hypothesis-testing science driven by a quest for fundamental understanding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Psychiatrist

A

A psychologist who can create prescriptions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Psychoanalytic

A

Theories that deal with the unconscious mind, and forms mental disorder treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Behaviorism

A

Understanding the behavior of humans & other animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Humanist Perspective

A

Assumption in psychology that people are essentially good & constructive, self-actualization is the goal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Psychoanalytic Perspective

A

Reason why individuals engage in certain behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Biopsychology Perspective (Neuroscience)

A

Focuses on the physical& biological roots of behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Evolutionary Perspective (Darwinian)

A

Personalities & individual differences have evolved to adapt to the situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Behavioral Perspective

A

All behaviors are learned through conditioned interactions with the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

Focuses on how internal thoughts & feelings influence one’s behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Social-Cultural Perspective (Sociocultural)

A

How behavior is affected by their surroundings, social & cultural factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

One becomes convinced they accurately predicted an event before it occured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hypothesis

A

Predicted outcome or educated guess of an experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Independent Variable

A

Variable manipulated by the researcher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Measures the effect of the experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Theory

A

Comprehensive explanation of observable events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Operational Definitions

A

Definition of what is being measured & how to be on the same page

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Validity

A

Measures the goal for the measuring, accuracy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Reliability

A

Measured results can be repeated, or consistent each time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Sample

A

A smaller subpart of a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Population

A

A group of objects/organisms belonging to a particular category

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Representative Sample

A

A small random portion of a population that reflects the demographics of the whole one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Random Sampling

A

A random sample group with an equal chance of each person being selected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Experiment

A

A study in manipulating at least one variable while measuring at least one other variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Confounding Variables

A

A variable that accidentally manipulates/interferes with the data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Random Assignment

A

Use of chance to place subjects in experiments & control groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Controls

A

Altering conditions that influence behavior

36
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

A researcher unconsciously affects results, data, or a participant in an experiment due to subjective influence

37
Q

Double-Blind Procedure

A

Researchers & subjects don’t know the status of the subject

38
Q

Single-Blind Procedure

A

Only the subject doesn’t know their group placement

39
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Cues that might indicate the study aims to the participants

40
Q

Response or Participant Bias

A

Changes in behavior of the study participants that are caused by the unintended influence of their own expectations

41
Q

Social Desirability

A

Tendency for people to present themselves in a generally favorable fashion

42
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

A participant’s behavior changes as a result of being observed rather than as a result of an intervention

43
Q

Placebo Method

A

A person’s physical or mental health appears to improve after taking a placebo

44
Q

Negative Correlation

A

Mathematical relationships in which increases are matched with decreases between ledgers

45
Q

Positive Correlation

A

Either increase matches w/ increase or decrease matches w/ decrease in ledgers

46
Q

Survey Method

A

Data collection tools used to gather information about individuals

47
Q

Response Rate

A

Number of responses per minute, or some other time unit

48
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

A research method in which the researcher studies behavior in its natural setting without intervention of manipulation

49
Q

Case Study Method

A

An in-depth investigation of a rare event of a single individual, family, event, or other entity

50
Q

Mean (Measure of Central Tendency)

A

Average, calculated by adding all the scores and dividing by the number of scores

51
Q

Median (Measure of Central Tendency)

A

Middle score between the higher & lower values

52
Q

Mode (Measure of Central Tendency)

A

The most frequently occuring score

53
Q

Extreme Scores/Outliers

A

Scores on the end of the data range that mess with the mean

54
Q

Positive v. Negative Skew

A

Positive: both x & y increase or decrease, Negative: if x increases then y decreases & the opposite as well

55
Q

Range (Measure of Variability)

A

Difference between highest & lowest values in a group

56
Q

Standard Deviation (Measure of Variability)

A

How much a typical score differs from the mean score

57
Q

Variance (Measure of Variability)

A

A measure of the spread, or dispersion of scores within a sample or population

58
Q

Z Score

A

A raw score expressed in term of its position relative to the mean and in terms of standard deviation

59
Q

Normal Curve

A

A perfect bell-curve that is symmetric about the mean

60
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

Index ranging from -1 to 1 indicating the direction & degree of correlation

61
Q

Scatter Plot

A

A graph plotting random (x,y) measures

62
Q

Line of Best Fit/Regression Line

A

A straight line that best illustrates the overall picture of what the collected data is showing

63
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Involves mathematical procedures that allow psychologists to make inferences about collected data

64
Q

Sampling Error

A

Differences between what is present in a population and what’s present in a sample

65
Q

P Value

A

Probability under the assumption of no effect or no difference, of obtaining a result equal to or more extreme than what was observed

66
Q

Statistical Significance

A

A measure of the probability of the null hypothesis being true compared to the acceptable level of uncertainty regarding the true answer

67
Q

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A

Federally-mandated, locally-administered groups charged w/ evaluating risks & benefits of human participant research at their institution

68
Q

Coercion

A

Process of attempting to influence another person through the use of threats, punishments, force, direct pressure, & other negative forms of power

69
Q

Informed Consent

A

Process of sharing information & obtaining permission by subjects to perform an experiment

70
Q

Confidentiality

A

Information between a patient and a therapist cannot be shared to anyone without consent

71
Q

Debriefing

A

Process of disclosing information after an experiment in order to inform a subject of the purpose & results of the experiment

72
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

Any observable differences in treatments or variables is likely due to chance

73
Q

Type 1 Error

A

Reject the null hypothesis when it’s true

74
Q

Type 2 Error

A

Accept the null hypothesis when it’s false

75
Q

Nominal Data

A

Qualitative data grouping variables into categories, not quantitative or orderly, EX: license numbers

76
Q

Ordinal Data

A

Categorical data with a set order or scale to it, EX: grades

77
Q

Interval Data

A

Data measured in fixed units with equal distance between points on the scale, no true 0, EX: clock time

78
Q

Ratio Data

A

Numerical values where the difference between points is standardized & meaningful where 0 is absolute, EX: heights

79
Q

Frequency Distribution Graph

A

Summary of how often different scores occur within a sample, line graph

80
Q

Pie Chart

A

A graph displaying data out of 100%

81
Q

Histogram Graph

A

Frequency shown in a touching bar graph in order

82
Q

Polygon Graph

A

Shows frequency of ordered values on a life chart

83
Q

Cross-Sectional Research

A

Research involving 2 different groups that don’t share the same variable of interest, but other relevant ones

84
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

Research measuring change over time with the same individuals

85
Q

Meta Analysis

A

Statistical technique for combining results of many studies on the same subject

86
Q

Quasi Experiment

A

A descriptive study in which researchers want to compare groups of people, but cannot randomly assign them to groups

Psych (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions