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Psych > Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Nature v. Nurture Debate

A

Nature is the genetics to show behavior & Nurture is how your behavior is affected by your upbringing

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2
Q

Dualism

A

The mind & body both exist as separate entities

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3
Q

Tabula Rosa

A

Individuals are born empty-minded, all knowledge comes from future experiences

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4
Q

Introspection

A

Personal observation of mental events such as thoughts, feelings, and sensations, (Wundt)

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5
Q

Structuralism

A

Study of sensations & personal experiences analyzed as basic elements (Wundt’s ideas)

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6
Q

Functionalism

A

A school of psychology where behavior adapts to environmental obstacles

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7
Q

Eclectic

A

Different forms and techniques

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8
Q

Applied Research

A

Scientific study that focuses on solving problems, curing illnesses, & innovating new technologies

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9
Q

Basic Research

A

Theory-driven, hypothesis-testing science driven by a quest for fundamental understanding

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10
Q

Psychiatrist

A

A psychologist who can create prescriptions

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11
Q

Psychoanalytic

A

Theories that deal with the unconscious mind, and forms mental disorder treatment

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12
Q

Behaviorism

A

Understanding the behavior of humans & other animals

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13
Q

Humanist Perspective

A

Assumption in psychology that people are essentially good & constructive, self-actualization is the goal

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14
Q

Psychoanalytic Perspective

A

Reason why individuals engage in certain behaviors

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15
Q

Biopsychology Perspective (Neuroscience)

A

Focuses on the physical& biological roots of behavior

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16
Q

Evolutionary Perspective (Darwinian)

A

Personalities & individual differences have evolved to adapt to the situation

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17
Q

Behavioral Perspective

A

All behaviors are learned through conditioned interactions with the environment

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18
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

Focuses on how internal thoughts & feelings influence one’s behavior

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19
Q

Social-Cultural Perspective (Sociocultural)

A

How behavior is affected by their surroundings, social & cultural factors

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20
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

One becomes convinced they accurately predicted an event before it occured

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21
Q

Hypothesis

A

Predicted outcome or educated guess of an experiment

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22
Q

Independent Variable

A

Variable manipulated by the researcher

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23
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Measures the effect of the experiment

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24
Q

Theory

A

Comprehensive explanation of observable events

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25
Q

Operational Definitions

A

Definition of what is being measured & how to be on the same page

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26
Q

Validity

A

Measures the goal for the measuring, accuracy

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27
Q

Reliability

A

Measured results can be repeated, or consistent each time

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28
Q

Sample

A

A smaller subpart of a population

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29
Q

Population

A

A group of objects/organisms belonging to a particular category

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30
Q

Representative Sample

A

A small random portion of a population that reflects the demographics of the whole one

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31
Q

Random Sampling

A

A random sample group with an equal chance of each person being selected

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32
Q

Experiment

A

A study in manipulating at least one variable while measuring at least one other variable

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33
Q

Confounding Variables

A

A variable that accidentally manipulates/interferes with the data

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34
Q

Random Assignment

A

Use of chance to place subjects in experiments & control groups

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35
Q

Controls

A

Altering conditions that influence behavior

36
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

A researcher unconsciously affects results, data, or a participant in an experiment due to subjective influence

37
Q

Double-Blind Procedure

A

Researchers & subjects don’t know the status of the subject

38
Q

Single-Blind Procedure

A

Only the subject doesn’t know their group placement

39
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Cues that might indicate the study aims to the participants

40
Q

Response or Participant Bias

A

Changes in behavior of the study participants that are caused by the unintended influence of their own expectations

41
Q

Social Desirability

A

Tendency for people to present themselves in a generally favorable fashion

42
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

A participant’s behavior changes as a result of being observed rather than as a result of an intervention

43
Q

Placebo Method

A

A person’s physical or mental health appears to improve after taking a placebo

44
Q

Negative Correlation

A

Mathematical relationships in which increases are matched with decreases between ledgers

45
Q

Positive Correlation

A

Either increase matches w/ increase or decrease matches w/ decrease in ledgers

46
Q

Survey Method

A

Data collection tools used to gather information about individuals

47
Q

Response Rate

A

Number of responses per minute, or some other time unit

48
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

A research method in which the researcher studies behavior in its natural setting without intervention of manipulation

49
Q

Case Study Method

A

An in-depth investigation of a rare event of a single individual, family, event, or other entity

50
Q

Mean (Measure of Central Tendency)

A

Average, calculated by adding all the scores and dividing by the number of scores

51
Q

Median (Measure of Central Tendency)

A

Middle score between the higher & lower values

52
Q

Mode (Measure of Central Tendency)

A

The most frequently occuring score

53
Q

Extreme Scores/Outliers

A

Scores on the end of the data range that mess with the mean

54
Q

Positive v. Negative Skew

A

Positive: both x & y increase or decrease, Negative: if x increases then y decreases & the opposite as well

55
Q

Range (Measure of Variability)

A

Difference between highest & lowest values in a group

56
Q

Standard Deviation (Measure of Variability)

A

How much a typical score differs from the mean score

57
Q

Variance (Measure of Variability)

A

A measure of the spread, or dispersion of scores within a sample or population

58
Q

Z Score

A

A raw score expressed in term of its position relative to the mean and in terms of standard deviation

59
Q

Normal Curve

A

A perfect bell-curve that is symmetric about the mean

60
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

Index ranging from -1 to 1 indicating the direction & degree of correlation

61
Q

Scatter Plot

A

A graph plotting random (x,y) measures

62
Q

Line of Best Fit/Regression Line

A

A straight line that best illustrates the overall picture of what the collected data is showing

63
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Involves mathematical procedures that allow psychologists to make inferences about collected data

64
Q

Sampling Error

A

Differences between what is present in a population and what’s present in a sample

65
Q

P Value

A

Probability under the assumption of no effect or no difference, of obtaining a result equal to or more extreme than what was observed

66
Q

Statistical Significance

A

A measure of the probability of the null hypothesis being true compared to the acceptable level of uncertainty regarding the true answer

67
Q

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A

Federally-mandated, locally-administered groups charged w/ evaluating risks & benefits of human participant research at their institution

68
Q

Coercion

A

Process of attempting to influence another person through the use of threats, punishments, force, direct pressure, & other negative forms of power

69
Q

Informed Consent

A

Process of sharing information & obtaining permission by subjects to perform an experiment

70
Q

Confidentiality

A

Information between a patient and a therapist cannot be shared to anyone without consent

71
Q

Debriefing

A

Process of disclosing information after an experiment in order to inform a subject of the purpose & results of the experiment

72
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

Any observable differences in treatments or variables is likely due to chance

73
Q

Type 1 Error

A

Reject the null hypothesis when it’s true

74
Q

Type 2 Error

A

Accept the null hypothesis when it’s false

75
Q

Nominal Data

A

Qualitative data grouping variables into categories, not quantitative or orderly, EX: license numbers

76
Q

Ordinal Data

A

Categorical data with a set order or scale to it, EX: grades

77
Q

Interval Data

A

Data measured in fixed units with equal distance between points on the scale, no true 0, EX: clock time

78
Q

Ratio Data

A

Numerical values where the difference between points is standardized & meaningful where 0 is absolute, EX: heights

79
Q

Frequency Distribution Graph

A

Summary of how often different scores occur within a sample, line graph

80
Q

Pie Chart

A

A graph displaying data out of 100%

81
Q

Histogram Graph

A

Frequency shown in a touching bar graph in order

82
Q

Polygon Graph

A

Shows frequency of ordered values on a life chart

83
Q

Cross-Sectional Research

A

Research involving 2 different groups that don’t share the same variable of interest, but other relevant ones

84
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

Research measuring change over time with the same individuals

85
Q

Meta Analysis

A

Statistical technique for combining results of many studies on the same subject

86
Q

Quasi Experiment

A

A descriptive study in which researchers want to compare groups of people, but cannot randomly assign them to groups

Psych (3 decks)

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