Unit 1 Review (Books 1-4 Review) Flashcards
1
Q
What is a sentence?
A
A sentence is a group of words expressiong a complete thought.
2
Q
What is a proper noun? Give examples.
A
A proper noun names a specifice person, place, or thing. It is capitalized.
Ex. John, Italy, the White House
3
Q
Give an example of an adverb prepositional phrase.
A
Caesar conquered the Gauls in eight years.
4
Q
What is an appositive? Give examples.
A
An appositive is a word or phrase that immediately follows the word it modifies. The appositive is usually set off from its noun by commas.
Ex. 1 Appositive: Gandalf, the wizard, is leading an adventure.
Ex. 2 Appositive phrase: Gandalf, the wizard in The Hobbit, is leading an adventure.
5
Q
Give examples of adjectives used as nouns
A
Ex. 1 Give me your tired, your poor.
Ex. 2 The poor you have with you always.
6
Q
Give examples of plural nouns with singular meanings.
A
Ex. 1 The news is bad.
Ex. 2 Measles is an infectious disease.
Ex. 3 The scissors are on the counter.
Ex. 4 His pants are on fire.
7
Q
What are the reflexive and intensive pronouns?
A
The reflexive and intensive pronouns are the self-pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
8
Q
What is a reflexive pronoun? Give examples.
A
The reflexive pronoun is always an object - direct, indirect, or prepositional - and refers back to the subject of the verb.
Ex. 1 Mary hurt herself.
Ex. 2 Mary told herself a story.
Ex. 3 Mary wrote a note to herself.
9
Q
What is an intensive pronoun? Give examples.
A
The intensive pronoun is used to show emphasis.
Ex. 1 Caesar himself led the charge.
Ex. 2 We met Caesar himself in the forum.
10
Q
What are the demonstrative pronouns?
A
The demonstrative pronouns point out a person or thing. The pronouns this and these point to something near, and the pronouns that and those point to something far.
11
Q
Give an example of a demonstrative pronoun used as a pronoun and as an adjective.
A
Ex. 1 Mary likes that.
Mary likes that book.
12
Q
What are verbals?
A
Verbals are words formed from verbs that are used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs
13
Q
What is a concrete noun? Give examples.
A
A concrete noun names something that can be perceived by the senses.
Ex. truth, goodness, beauty
14
Q
Give the three verbals and define each.
A
The three verbals are the infinitive, the gerund, and the participle
a. An infinitive is preceded by to and used as either a noun or modifier.
b. A gerund is a verbal noun with an -ing ending.
c. A participlex is a verbal adjective.
15
Q
What is a verbal phrase, and what are the three kinds?
A
A verbal phrase is a verbal with any complements or modifiers. The verbal phrases are the infinitive phrase, the gerund phrase, and the participle phrase.
16
Q
Give an example of infinitives used as nouns.
A
Ex. 1 To err is human.
Ex. 2 I want to learn.
17
Q
Give examples of infinitives used as modifiers.
A
Ex. 1 We study to learn.
Ex. 2 We have time to study.
18
Q
Give an example of an infinitive phrase.
A
Ex. I want to learn Latin now.
19
Q
Give an example of the infinitive phrase with a subject in the objective case.
A
Ex. 1 I want John to learn Latin.
Ex. 2 I want him to learn Latin.
20
Q
Give examples of gerunds and gerund phrases.
A
Ex. 1 Learning is fun.
Ex. 2 He likes learning.
Ex. 3 Learning Latinb is fun.
21
Q
Give sentences with a present participle and participle phrase.
A
Ex. 1 I saw her crying.
Ex. 2 I saw her crying in the garden.
22
Q
Give examples of the past participle and participle phrase.
A
Ex. 1 Past Participle: The conquered Gauls surrendered to Caesar.
Ex. 2 Participle Phrase: Conquered in a fierce battle, the Gauls surrendered to Caesar.
23
Q
What two verbals have the same form?
A
The gerund and the present participle have the same form. They both end in ing.
24
Q
What is an abstract noun? Give examples.
A
An abstract noun names a quality, characteristic, or idea that cannot be perceived by the senses.
Ex. truth, goodness, beauty
25
Give three uses of a verb form ending in *ing*.
A verb ending in **ing** can be the main verb in a verb phrase, a gerund, or a present participle.
Ex. He was **learning** Latin.
**Learning** is fun.
The **learning** curve is too long.
26
What is a compound noun? Give the three kinds with examples.
A **compound noun** is maked up of more than one word.
a. The words can be joined into one word.
**Ex.** door step
b. The words can be joined with hyphens.
**Ex.** sister-in-law
c. The words can be seperate.
**Ex.** United States of America
27
What is a collective noun? Give examples.
A **collective noun** names a group.
**Ex.** team, flock, class
28
Name and define the three grammar persons.
The three grammar persons are first person (the person speaking), second person (the person spoken to), and third person (the person spoken about).
29
What is a pronoun?
A pronoun is word used in place of a noun.
30
Give the subject personal pronouns in three persons.
The subject personal pronouns are **I, you, he, she, it, we, you (all), they**.
31
Give the object personal pronouns in three persons.
The object personal pronouns are **me, you, him, her, it, us, you (all), them**.
32
What is an adjective?
An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun.
33
What are the two parts of every sentence?
The two parts of every sentnece are the **subject** and **predicate**.
34
Give the three questions adjectives answer with examples.
Adjectives answer the questions: **which one, what kind**, and **how much** or **how many**.
**Ex. 1** John gave Mary **that** rose. (which one)
**Ex. 2** John gave Mary a **red** rose. (what kind)
**Ex. 3** John gave Mary a **dozen** roses. (how many)
35
Define article and name the three English articles.
**Articles** are words that signify nouns. **A** and **An** are the indefinite articles. **The** is the definite article. Articles are considered adjectives.
36
What is an adverb?
An **adverb** is a word that usually modifies a verb, but also an adjective or another adverb.
37
Give the four questions adverbs answer. Give examples.
Adverbs answer the questions: **how** (manner), **when, where**, and **to what extent** (how often, how much).
**Ex. 1** He walks **gracefully**. (how)
**Ex. 2** He walks **early**. (when)
**Ex. 3** He walks **outside**. (where)
**Ex. 4** He walks **often**. (to what extent)
38
What is a verb?
A **verb** is a word that shows action or being.
39
What verb shows being or existence?
The **to be** verb shows being or existence.
40
Give all forms of the *to be* verb.
The forms of the **to be** verb are **am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been**.
41
What is a physical action verb? Give examples.
A **physical action verb** expressions action that can be perceived by the senses.
**Ex.** kick, run, eat
42
What is a mental action verb? Give examples.
A **mental action verb** expressions action that **cannot** be perceived by the senses.
**Ex.** think, know, believe
43
What is a verb phrase? Give examples.
A **verb phrase** is made up of a main verb and one or more helping verbs.
**Ex.** **1****I have been walking** for an hour.
**Ex. 2 I should have walked** yesterday.
44
What is a subject?
The subject tells **who** or **what** the sentence is about.
45
Give the common helping (auxiliary) verbs.
**The common helping verbs** are:
am, are, is, was, were, be, being, been
have, has, had,
do, does, did,
may, might, must,
can, could,
will, would,
shall, should, ought
46
Give the first three English verb tenses and an example of each using *I walk*.
The first three English verb tenses are **present, past,** and **future**.
**Ex.** Present Tense - I **walk**
Past Tense - I **walked**
Future Tense - I **will walk**
47
What is the best way to find the subject of a sentence?
Locate the verb and ask the question **who** or **what** before the verb.
48
Give an example of a word that can be used as more than one part of speech.
Total can be used as a noun, verb, or adjective.
**Ex. 1** The **total** is one hundred. (noun)
**Ex. 2** I will **total** the score. (verb)
**Ex. 3** It was a **total** disaster.
49
What is the difference between the simple subject and the complete subject? Give examples.
**a.** The simple subject is the principal word the sentence is about.
**Ex.** The best **class** in school is grammar.
Simple subject: class
**Ex.** **The best class in school** is grammar.
Complete subject: The best class in school
50
What is the difference between the simple predicate and the complete predicate?
**a.** The simple predicate is the verb, including helping verbs.
**Ex.** John **is learning** Latin in school.
simple predicate: is learning.
**Ex.** John **is learning Latin in school.**
complete predicate: is learning Latin in school
51
Give an example of a compound subject and a compound verb.
**Ex. 1 Compound subject****:**
Fern and Avery went to bed early the night before the County Fair.
**Ex. 2 Compound verb:**
Wilbur stared back at the crowd and tried to look his best.
52
What are the principal parts of a verb?
The principal parts are the four basic forms of the verb.
53
Give the names of the four principal parts of an English verb with examples using the verb walk.
the infinitive *to walk*
the present participle *walking*
the past tense *walked*
the past particple *have walked*
54
What is the infinitive? Give examples.
The infinitive is the dictionary form of the verb preceded by the word **to**. The infinitive usually functions as a noun.
**Ex. 1** Mary wants **to learn** Latin.
**Ex. 2 To be** or not **to be**, that is the question. **To die, to sleep, to dream.**
55
What is a predicate?
The predicate tells wihat the subject **is** or **does**.
56
What is a participle? What are the two forms? Give examples .
A participle is an adjective formed from a verb (verbal adjective). the two participles are the **present** **participle** and the **past participle**.
**Ex. 1 Present Participle:**
The **conquering** Gauls stormed the gates of Rome.
**Ex.** **2** **Past Participle:**
The **conquered** Gauls surrendered to Caesar.
57
How is the present participle formed?
The present participle is formed by adding **ing** to the dictionary form.
58
How is the past participle formed?
The regular past particple is formed by adding **d** or **ed** to the dictionary form.
59
What is a regular verb?
A **regular verb** is one that forms its past and past participle by adding **d** or **ed** to the dictionary form.
**Ex.****I walk, I walked, I have walked.**
60
What is an irregular verb?
An irregular verb is one that does not form its past and past participle by adding **d** or **ed** to the dictionary form.
**Ex.****I see, I saw, I have seen**
61
Give the principal parts of the regular verbs *live, play, look*, and *learn.*
to live living lived have lived
to play playing played have played
to look looking looked have looked
to learn learning learned have learned
62
Give the principal parts of the irregular verbs *see, write, come, do, fly* and *go*.
to see seeing saw have seen
to write writing wrote have written
to come coming came have come
to do doing did have done
to fly flying flew have flown
to go going gone have gone
63
What are the names of the six Engllish tenses?
Present, Past, Future, Present Perfect, Past Perfect, and Future Perfect
64
Give the first person singular of the six English verb tenses using the verb walk.
Present *I walk (he, she, it walks)*
Past *I walked*
*Future I will walk*
Present Perfect *I have walked (he **has** walked)*
Past Perfect *I had walked*
Future Perfect *I will have walked*
65
What are the two main aspects of English verbs?
English verbs have **progressive** and **emphatic** forms.
66
Give the four types of sentences classified by purpose with definitions.
The four types of sentences are declarative, imperative, interrogative, or exclamatory.
a. A **declarative** sentence makes a statement
b. A **imperative** sentence gives a command or makes a request.
c. An **interrogative** sentence asks a question.
d. An **exclamatory** sentence expresses strong feeling.
67
What is the progressive verb form?
The **progressive verb** form shows continuous action and consists of the present participle with forms of the **to be** verb as helping verbs.
68
Give the progressive forms for the first person singular of the six English verb tenses using the verb *walk*.
Present *I am walking*
Past *I was walking*
Future *I will be walking*
Present Perfect *I have been walking*
Past Perfect *I had been walking*
Future Perfect *I will have been walking*
69
What is the emphatic form? Give examples.
The **emphatic form** shows emphasis or unusual stress. It is found in only two tenses, the present and past. It uses the helping verbs **do, does,** or **did**.
**Ex. 1** *Present Emphatic* - **I do walk** (he, she, it does)
**Ex. 2** *Past Emphatic* - **I did walk**
70
What are the two ways the words of a verb phrase can be separated? Give examples.
**a.** The subject is placed between the helping verb and the main verb and questions.
**Ex.****Is**Wilbur**walking**?**Does**Wilbur**walk**?
**b.** An adverb can be placed between the helping verb and the main verb.
**Ex.** Wilbur **is *not* walking***.* Wilbur **is *always* walking.**
71
Give eight words that are always adverbs and often interrupt a verb phrase.
*ever, never, not, almost, always, hardly, scarecely, seldom*
72
What are the two types of direct questions?
*The two types of direct questions are questions introduced by question words and yes/no questions.*
73
How do you form a yes or no question? Give an example.
To form a yes/no question, put a helping verb first.
**Ex.** He likes Latin
**Does** he like Latin? **Is** he liking Latin? **Did** he like Latin?
74
What are the six common question words?
The six common question words are **who**, **what**, **when, where**, **why, how**.
75
What is a sentence complement? Give the four complements.
A complement is one or more words in the predicate that complete the meaning of the subject and verb. The four complements are **predicate nominative, predicate adjective**, **direct object**, and **indirect object**.
76
What parts of speech are NOT complements?
Adverbs and prepositional phrases are not complements.
77
Give the eight parts of speech.
The eight parts of speech are **noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction,** and **interjection.**
78
Define predicate nominative. Give an example.
A **predicate nominative** is a noun or pronoun that follows a **linkin verb** and renames the subject.
**Ex.** Wilbur is a **pig**.
79
Define predicate adjective. Give an example.
A **predicate adjective** is an adjective that follows a **linking verb** and modifies the subject.
**Ex.** Wilbur is **tired**.
80
What question does the predicate nominative or predicate adjective answer?
The predicate nominative or adjective answers the question **what** or **who** after a **_linking_** verb.
81
What is a linking verb?
A **linking verb** connects the subject with a noun or ajdective in the predicate. It shows **being**, not action.
82
What is the most common linking verb?
The **to be** verb is the most common linking verb.
83
Forms of the *to be* verb may be used as linking or helping verbs. Give an example of each.
**Ex. 1** Wilbur **is** a pig. (linking verb)
**Ex. 2** Wilbur **is walking** to the barn (heping verb for main verb, *walking*)
84
What verbs in addition to the *to be* verb can be linking verbs?
appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem smell, sound, stay, taste
85
Use *smell* as an action verb and a linking verb.
Jane **smells** the rose. (action verb)
The rose **smells** wonderful. (linking verb)
86
Define direct object. Give an example.
A **direct object** is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb.
**Ex.** The magister teaches Latin.
87
What question does a direct object answer?
The direct object answers the question **what** or **whom** after an **_action_** verb.
88
What is a noun?
A noun is word that names a **person, place, thing,** or **idea**.
89
What is a complementary infinitive? Give an example.
A complementary infinitive is an infinitive used as a direct object.
**Ex.** Wilbur loves **to learn**. Wilbur wants **to eat**.
90
What is an indirect object? Give an example.
An **indirect object** precedes the direct object and tells to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done.
**Ex. 1** The magister teaches **me** Latin.
**Ex. 2** The magister gives **John** a test.
91
What kind of verbs usually have indirect objects?
Giving and telling verbs usually have indirect objects.
92
Give five difficulties in finding the subject, with examples.
**a.** When sentences express a command or request, the subject is always **you**.
**Ex.** Study your Latin
(You) study your Latin.
**b.** To find a subject in a question, turn the question into a statement.
**Ex.** What lesson did you study?
You did study what lesson?
*subect: you verb: did study*
**c.** The subject of a sentence is never a propositional phrase.
**Ex.** Neither of the students studied his Latin.
*Neither is the subject. Students is the object of the preposition of.*
**d.** Here is not usually the subject of a verb.
**Ex.** **Here** is the book.
The **book** is here.
***Here** is an adverb telling **where**. **Book** is the subject of the verb **is**.*
**e.** The expletives there and it are not usually subjects of a verb.
**Ex. 1** **There** are books on both tables.
**Books** are on both tables.
***Books** is the subject of the verb **are**. **There** gets the sentence started.*
**Ex. 2** **It** is important to study Latin.
**To study** Latin is important.
**To study** is the subject of the verb **is**. **It** gets the sentence started.
93
Give the eight kinds of pronouns in pairs.
Personal and Possessive
Intensive and Reflexive
Relative and Interrogative
Demonstrative and Indefinite
94
Many pronouns can also function as what part of speech?
Many pronouns also function as adjectives.
95
Give the pronoun forms of the possessive pronoun.
mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs
96
Give the adjective forms of the possessive pronouns.
my, your, his, her, its, our, your their
97
What is a **transitive** verb? Give examples.
A **transitive** verb requires a direct object to complete its meaning.
**Ex. 1** John ignored the insult.
**Ex. 2** John completed his lesson.
98
What is an **intransitive** verb? Give examples.
An **intransitive** verb does not require a direct object to complete its meaning.
**Ex.** **sleep, laugh, look die,** and the **to be** verb are always intransitive.
99
Name the four ways nouns may be classified.
Nouns may be **common** or **proper**, **concrete** or **abstract**, **collective**, and **compound**.
100
Many verbs can be used both transitively and intransitively. Give examples.
**Ex. 1** I eat pizza. *transitive, **pizza** is a direct object.*
**Ex. 2** I eat every day. *intransitive, **every day** is an adverb, not a direct object.*
101
What is the difference between the active and passive voice?
In the **active** voice, the subject performs the action of the verb. In the **passive** voice, the subject receives the action of the verb.
102
Change a sentence from active to passive voice.
Caesar conquered the Gauls. (active)
The Gauls were conquered by Caesar. (passive)
103
When is the passive voice used? Give an example.
The passive voice is used when the **doer** of the action is unknown, concealed, or less important than the **receiver** of the action.
**Ex.** **1** The cookies were taken from the cookie jar.
**Ex. 2** Rome was not built in a day.
104
Give examples of nouns used as adverbs.
**Ex. 1** I walked **yesterday**.
**Ex. 2** I will walk **Sunday.**
105
What is a common way of forming adverbs? Give an example.
Many adverbs are formed by adding **ly** to an adjective.
**Ex.** slow (adjective) He is **slow**.
**Ex.** slowly (adverb) He walks **slowly**.
106
Adverbs of degree modify adjectives and other adverbs. Give examples.
very, so, too, really, rather, quite, especially
**Ex. 1** Charlotte is **very** loyal. ***very** modifies the adjective **loyal**.*
**Ex. 2** Wilbur walks **quite** slowly. ***quite** modifies the adverb **slowly**.*
107
What is a conjunction?
A conjunction is a word that joins words, phrases, or clauses.
108
What are the three kinds of conjunctions?
The three kinds of conjunctions are **coordinating, correlative,** and **subordinating** conjunctions.
109
What are coordinating conjunctions?
The coordinating conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance. The coordinating conjunctions can be remembered by the acronym **FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so**.
110
What is a common noun? Give examples.
A common noun names a non-specific person, place, or thing. It is **not** capitalized.
111
What are correlative conjunctions? Give examples.
The correlative conjunctions work in **pairs** to join words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance.
**either ... or** **neither ... nor**
**both ... and not only ... but (also)**
**whether ... or**
112
What is a phrase?
A **phrase** is a group of words used as a single part of speech - a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. A phrase does not contain a subject and verb.
113
In addition to the verb phrases, give the five kinds of phrases.
The five kinds of phrases are the **prepositional** phrase, the **particle** phrase, the **gerund** phrase, the **infinitive** phrase, and the **appositive** phrase.
114
What is a preposition?
A **preposition** is a word used to show the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence.
115
Give 20 common prepositions.
about, after, against, at, before, between, by, during, for, from, in, into, of, on, over, through, to, under, with, without
116
What is a complex preposition?
A **complex preposition** is a group of words that functions as a single preposition.
117
Give eight complex prepositions.
according to, along with, because of, except for, in spite of, in front of, on account of, on top of
118
What is a prepositional phrase?
A **prepositional phrase** consists of a preposition, its noun or pronoun object, and any modifiers
119
What are the two kinds of prepositional phrases?
The two kinds of prepositional phrases are the **adjective prepositional phrase**, which modifies a noun or pronoun, and the **adverb prepositional phrase**, which modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
120
Give an example of an adjective prepositional phrase.
Caesar was a man **of great ambition**.
