Unit 1 Quizzam Flashcards
Comm
Process of sharing info, occurring in many forms
-How to
-“To make common”
Comm: Receiving Forms
Auditory, visual, and tactile
Comm: Sending Forms
Verbal, graphical, gestural
Communication needs…
2 people
-Sender formulates and transmits
-Receiver receives and comprehends
-Shared symbolic means btwn the 2 people
Sender Purpose pt 1
Instrumental - Asking for something
Regulatory - Directing others
Interactional - SOC conversation
PERS - Emotional, maybe phys, info
Sender Purpose pt 2
Heuristic - Ask Qs / Find info
Imaginative - Roleplaying
Informative - Organized info relay
Receiver Feedback
Linguistic - Verbal acknowledgement / reply
Nonlinguistic - Bodily response (eye contact, nod, ect)
Paralinguistic - HOW respond via pitch, volume, and pauses
-Para - With
-Can be problem for those who don’t understand SOC cues
Comm Disorder
Impairment in ability to receive, comprehend, or send V, NV, or graphic messages
-Any speech, lang, COG, voice, resonance, or hearing impairment
Lang
Complex, dynamic (always changing) system of conventional (useful) symbols used for thought and comm
-Comprehend/use of spoken, written, or symbol system
Code
Translate one info type into another
-Arbitrary relationship btwn word and referent
-Organization isn’t random, but governed by rules
COG processes using Lang
-Reasoning
-Hypothesizing
-Memorizing
-Planning
-PS
Lang as COG tool
Helps dev picture of world. Neural response to use of Lang as part of mind
-Expressive - Lang output/sent
-Receptive - Lang comprehension
Lang and Communities
-Lang is cultural and SOC evolution
-Lang community - Group using a common lang
*Emerge b/c Geo, SOC, and Econ reasons
Speech Production
Neuromuscular process turning lang into sound signals transmitted to receiver
-Involves respiration, phonation, resonation, and articulation
Respiration, phonation, resonation, and articulation defined
Respiration - Breathing / air causing vocal cord vibration
Phonation - Sound production
Resonation - How air flows through mouth & nose
Articulation - Production of speech sound w/ lips, teeth, ovular ridge, and tongue
Basic Speech Production Model
1) Mental, abstract rep of speech stream
-M rep of spch
2) Motor schema dev & organized into syllables
-Schema into syllables
3) Speech output requiring airflow, vocal fold vibration, and fine oral cavity movement
-Spch output via mouth mechanisms
Lang Domains
Form, Content, and Use
Form
How words, sentences, and sound are organized to convey content
-Phonology, Morphology, and Syntax
Content
Words used and their meaning
-Semantics
Use
How well and how others functionally draw on lang to meet needs
-Pragmatics
Five Domains of Lang
Phonology (form)
Morphology (form)
Syntax (form)
Semantics (content)
Pragmatics (use)
Phonology
Rules and organization of sound
-The study of sound
-Involves phonemes, phonotactics, and min. pair
Morphology
INT organization of words
-Grammatical Morphemes -
Word endings plural, possessive, past-tense, ect.
-Adds specificity to lang, expanding vocab w/ small # of words
Phoneme
Smallest unit of sound w/ meaning
-39 in English lang
-Distinguishes one word from another
-Allophone - Subtle phoneme variations b/c context
Phonotactics
Lang has rules, governing sound organization in words
-Min. pair - Words differing by one sound/phoneme (mat VS mats)
Syntax
Gov. INT organization of sentences
-Where adjectives go in spoken and written English VS Spanish
Semantics
Gov. meaning of single words & word combos
-Word meaning, how many meanings, literal or figurative, ect.
Pragmatics
Gov. lang for SOC purposes
-Using lang for different intentions/functions
-Organized lang for discourse
-Know what, when, and how to say something
Phonological Dev
W/ dev., we acquire rules gov. the sound structure of syllables and words
-Phonological rep, know, and production
Phonological Representation
Neuro/COG imprint distinguishing phonemes by
-Production
-Manner of production
-Voicing
Phonological Knowledge
Acquisition of INT rep of sounds/phonemes
Phonological production
Expression of phonemes/sounds to make syllables and words
Phonemic Inventory
Sounds understood, expanding w/ age
-Sounds arising in predictable sequence
*Vowels dev before consonants
*Early consonants are H frequency and easy to see on face
*Later dev. are L visible
Factors influencing phoneme dev
Frequency
of words used w/ phonemes
Articulatory complexity - Difficulty to say w/ mouth
Phonological Awareness
Ability to attend and manipulate phonological spch units
-Most important bridge btwn lang and reading
Phonological Awareness Tasks
Syllable Counting
-Syllable - Vowel w/ phoneme?
Rhyme Detection
-Usually precedes rhyme production
Initial Sound ID
Initial Sound Elision
Phoneme Counting
Phonics
Teaches relationship btwn letters and sound
Phonological Patterns
Rule of phonemes in a lang simplified
-Stopping - Making long sounds short
-Fronting - Sounds that should be made in back are made in front
-Final consonant deletion - Deletion of final sound of word
-Liquid gliding - Replace liquids w/ glides
*w = glide, l/r = liquid
Have no known cause, can shut down comm
Morphology
Changing a word’s shape
-Morpheme
-Must carry meaning
Morpheme
Smallest unit of grammar w/ meaning, can be
-whole word, chair
-Part of word, chairs
-Single phoneme, “I want a”
Free VS Bound Morphemes
Free - stand alone, ex gecko
Bound - Attached to free morphemes, ex geckos
-Grammatical and derivational
Grammatical VS Derivational morphemes
Grammatical is added to root word
-Plural(s)
-Past tense(‘ed, re-, ‘ing, ‘s)
-Possessive(‘s)
Derivational - Added to root word to change grammatical classification
-EX, friend = noun, friendly = adjective, befriend = verb
-Derives a different class of sound
Morphological Dev
Mean Length of utterance - AVG # of morphemes one can speak
- total # of morphemes / # of consecutive utterances
Syntax
INT lang of gov word organization
Learning from input
Children’s use of syntax depends on exposure
1) Sentence length
2) Sentence type
Syntactic Dev
Declarative, negative, and interrogative
Declarative Syntax
Making a sentence that is a statement
-“I see a horse!” ~3y
-Can link simple sentences
Negative Syntax
Sentences expressing negation & relying on:
No, can’t, don’t, won’t
-Age 4 is more adult like
Interrogative Syntax
Q sentence
Early: what, where, why?
Preschool: Who, whose, when, which, and how
Can involve Y/N
