Unit 1 Quiz 2

Question 1

Hindsight bias

0.2

Answer 1

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have
foreseen it. Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along-phenomenon.

Question 2

Confirmation Bias

0.2

Answer 2

A tendency to search for information that supports out preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictiory evidence

Question 3

Overconfidence

0.2

Answer 3

the tendency to be more confident than correct.

Question 4

(Provide an example of an operational definition of Happiness in app)

Operational definition

0.3

Answer 4

specifically names the operations (steps or procedures) that the
experimenter must use to control or measure the variables in the experiment. This allows the
experiment to be replicated.

Question 5

Replication

0.3

Answer 5

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in
different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and
circumstances.

Question 6

Population

0.3

Answer 6

all the cases in a group being studied from which samples may be drawn.

Question 7

Sample/Representative

0.3

Answer 7

A subset of the population carefully chosen to represent the
proportionate diversity of the population as a whole

Question 8

Random Sample

0.3

Answer 8

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member
has an equal chance of inclusion.

Question 9

Convenience Sample

0.3

Answer 9

Collecting reaserch from a group that is readily available such as your friends at school, rather than a sample that would repreasent all the students at your school

Question 10

Sampling Bias

0.3

Answer 10

A flawed sampling process that produces an unreapreasentative sampling

Question 11

(Describe pros/cons in app)

Survey

0.3

Answer 11

Survey: a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular
group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.

Question 12

Wording effect

0.3

Answer 12

Crafting questions is tricky, because their wording can influence respondents’ answer.

Question 13

Self-report bias

0.3

Answer 13

Bias when people report their behavior inaccurently

Question 14

Social desirability bias

0.3

Answer 14

Bias from peoples responding in ways they presume a reasercher expects or wished

Question 15

(Describe pros/cons in app)

Case Study

.3

Answer 15

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of
revealing universal principles.

Question 16

(Describe

pros/cons in app)

Naturalistic Observation

.3

Answer 16

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations
without trying to manipulate and control the situation. *Naturalistic observation doesn’t
explain, it only describes.

Question 17

Meta-analysis

.3

Answer 17

A statistical procedure for analyzing the result og multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion.

Question 18

Correlation

.4

Answer 18

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well
either factor predicts the other. *Correlation does not show causation.

Question 19

(Pearson R) (Give

example/explain for app)

Correlation Coefficient

.4

Answer 19

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1).

Question 20

(Label operational definition

for X and Y axis for app)

Scatterplot

.4

Answer 20

a graphed cluster of dots each of which represents the values of two variables.
The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The
amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation).

Question 21

(Provide a

visual representation for app)

Perfect Positive Correlation

.4

Answer 21

the more time you spend in the sun, the more likely
you are to get sunburned. *Remember with positive correlations, the two variables
go in the same direction. They can be either up or down. Ex. The more time you
spend in the sun, the more likely you are to get burned. OR The less time you spend in
the sun, the less likely you are to get sunburned.

Question 22

(Provide a visual representation for app)

Perfect Negative Correlation

.4

Answer 22

the more sunscreen you put on, the less
sunburned you will get.

Question 23

Directionality Problem

.4

Answer 23

it cannot tell us which variable is the cause, and which one is the effect. if teen social media use correlates with ( predicts 0 teen risk of depression, that may - or may - indicate that social media use causes in increased risk of depression.

Question 24

Third Variable Problem

.4

Answer 24

or perhaps some third variable, such as stress, reduced flow and increase depression; the fact that an observed correlation between two variables may be due to the common correlation between each of the variables and a third variable rather than any underlying relationship (in a causal sense) of the two variables with each other.

Question 25

Experiment

.4

Answer 25

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors
(independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the
dependent variable); makes it possible to study cause and effect relationships.

Question 26

Independent variable

.4

Answer 26

(IV): the experimental factor that is manipulated and tested. Ex. studying
the effects of a drug on memory, the drug is the IV.

Question 27

Dependent Variable

.4

Answer 27

(DV): the experimental factor that is being measured. Ex. studying the
effects of a drug on memory, memory is the DV.

Question 28

Confounding variable

.4

Answer 28

a factor other than the IV that might produce an effect in an experiment.
Ex. the temperature of the room, external noises, etc.

Question 29

Experimental group

.4

Answer 29

in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, to one
version of the independent variable.

Question 30

Control group

.4

Answer 30

in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with
the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

Question 31

Random assignment

.4

Answer 31

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance,
thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.

Question 32

Placebo effect

.4

Answer 32

effect: experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior
caused by administration of a placebo, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.

Question 33

Single-blind procedure

.4

Answer 33

An experiental procedure in which the reaserch participents are ignorant ( blind ) about wheather they have recieved the treatment or a placebo.

Question 34

Double-blind procedure

.4

Answer 34

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants
and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have
received the treatment or placebo. This is commonly used in drug studies.

Question 35

Experimenter bias

.4

Answer 35

bias caused when researchers ay unintentionally influence results to cnfirm influences results to confirm their own beliefs