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Bio 30 morinville > Unit 1, Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1, Quiz 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is homeostasis and what is it controlled by?

A

Homeostasis is the body’s process of maintaining a constant environment (ex. temperature), controlled by the nervous and endocrine system.

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2
Q

How does the nervous system maintain homeostasis?

A

It sends and receives electrical impulses (using receptors) to regulate bodily structures despite environment changes.

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3
Q

What does the Central Nervous System consist of and what is it’s purpose?

A

The CNS consists of the spinal cord and the brain. It is meant to process electrochemical information sent by the nerves.

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4
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous System’s purpose and what is it divided into?

A

The PNS carries messages to and from the CNS. It is divided into the Somatic Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System.

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5
Q

What does the Somatic Nervous System control and what is it’s “rhyme”?

A

The SNS controls the skeletal muscles in the “fight or flight” response.

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6
Q

What does the Autonomic Nervous System control and what is it’s “rhyme”?

A

The Autonomic System involuntarily controls the glands and smooth and cardiac muscles in the “rest and digest” response.

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7
Q

What kind of neurotransmitter is dopamine? How is it released? How does it affect the body and emotions? What do inadequate amounts lead to?

A

Dopamine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain’s synapses, controlling movement. It is released by the brain’s reward system and produces pleasurable feelings. Inadequate amounts lead to Parkinson’s disease.

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8
Q

What kind of neurotransmitter is serotonin? What is it involved in for human feelings and processes? What do inadequate amounts lead to?

A

Serotonin is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord that inhibits pain pathways. It is involved in mood, appetite, and sensory perception. Inadequate amounts are linked to depression.

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9
Q

What kind of neurotransmitter is Norepinephrine (Noadrenaline)? What is it in addition to a neurotransmitter? What does it do in body processes? What may overproduction lead to?

A

Norepinephrine is an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain which regulates brain function. It is also a hormone. Norepinephrine is involved in the fight or flight reaction of the PNS. Overproduction may lead to high blood pressure.

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10
Q

What are Endorphins? What do they affect in the brain? What may inadequate amounts lead to?

A

Endorphins are natural painkillers in the brain synapses. They affect the emotional parts of the brain. Inadequate amounts may lead to depression.

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11
Q

Gamme-AminoButyric Acid is what kind of neurotransmitter? Where is it a major component?

A

Gamme-AminoButyric Acid is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain where it is a major component.

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12
Q

What kind of neurotransmitter is Glutamate?

A

Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.

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13
Q

How do drugs affect neurons?

A

Often, drugs will promote or decrease neurotransmitter action by binding to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron membrane.

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14
Q

What are the layers of protection of the brain, from innermost to outermost?

A

Pis Mater, Arachnoid, Duramater, Skull

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15
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid located? What is it’s purpose?

A

In between layers of the meninges (Pia Mater, Arachnoid, Duramater). It absorbs shock felt by impact on the head, nourishes, and eliminated waste in the brain..

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16
Q

What does the blood-brain barrier do?

A

The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from toxins. The capillaries in the brain are tightly fused, allowing only oxygen, glucose, and fat soluble substances into the brain while stopping toxins and infections from entering.

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17
Q

What is grey matter? Where is it found?

A

Unmyelinated neurons. They are found in the outside portion of the brain and the inner “h” of the spinal cord.

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18
Q

What is White matter? Where is it found?

A

Myelinated neurons. They are found in the inner portions of the brain and the outer portion of the spinal cord.

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19
Q

Where is the primary reflex Center and why is it the primary one?

A

The primary reflex Center is the spinal cord. It is much easier and faster for an impulse to reach the spinal cord than it is to reach the brain. There for the spinal cord is primary.

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20
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A cluster of neurons that allow sensory neurons in through the dorsal root ganglion on the posterior side and motor neurons in through the central root ganglion on the anterior side.

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21
Q

What is the brain? How is it divided into 3 categories?

A

The brain is the intelligence, conscious, and emotional Center. It is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.

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22
Q

What 3 areas does the hindbrain contain?

A

The Medulla Oblongata, the Cerebellum, and the Pons are all in the hindbrain.

23
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do? Where is it located?

A

It is located at the base of the brain stem. It controls involuntary responses, such as breathing and heart rate, as well as reflexes.

24
Q

What is the cerebellum? Where is it located?

A

The cerebellum is located at the back of the skull beneath the cerebrum. It is involved in balance and posture, as well as fine motor skills. It is able to remember movements.

25
Q

What is the Pons? Where is it located?

A

The Pons is located above and in front of the medulla. It is a relay Center between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex.

26
Q

What is the Midbrain? Where is it located?

A

The midbrain is located above the Pons. It relays visual and auditory information between the forebrain and hindbrain. It also controls eye movement and skeletal muscles.

27
Q

What 3 sections is the forebrain divided into?

A

The thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the cerebrum.

28
Q

Where is the Thalamus? What is it’s purpose?

A

The thalamus is at the base base of the forebrain. It screens sensory information and brings more awareness to stimuli of importance (filters the info brought to conscious thought). It connects many parts of the brain, including areas of the sensory system with the cerebellum (except for smell).

29
Q

Where is the hypothalamus? What does it do?

A

The hypothalamus is below the thalamus. It helps maintain the body’s state of homeostasis by receiving information from organs and coordinating the nervous and endocrine system in response. It controls basic drives and emotions, as well as the pituitary gland by producing and regulating hormone release.

30
Q

Where is the Cerebrum? What does it do?

A

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It contains intellectual, memory, conscious, and language centres. It interprets and controls the response to sensory information. It consists of white matter on the inside and a layer of grey matter around it.

31
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The layer of Grey matter surrounding the cerebrum. It is involved in language, memory, personality, vision, conscious thoughts, and thinking and feeling activities. It is folded to allow more surface area on the brain without taking up more volume.

32
Q

What are Gyri and Sulci?

A

Gyri are the ridges of the cerebral cortex. Sulci are the depressions.

33
Q

What hemispheres is the cerebrum divided into? How are they connected? What does each side control?

A

The left and right hemisphere. They are connected by a bundle of white matter called the corpus callosum, which allows each side to communicate with the other about what it is doing. The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and the inverse for the right side of the brain.

34
Q

What is the right brain associated with?

A

Intuitive thinking, visual-special skills, and artistic ability.

35
Q

What is the left side of the brain associated with?

A

Sequential and logical thinking, linguistics and mathematic skills.

36
Q

What four lobes are the left and right hemispheres broken into?

A

The frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe, and the occipital lobe.

37
Q

What is the Frontal lobe associated with? What does it control?

A

The frontal lobe is associated with personality, problem solving, and intelligence, as well as emotional reactions, and snell recognition (with the temporal lobe). It controls voluntary movement through the motor cortex.

38
Q

Where is Broca’s area? What does it do?

A

Broca’s area is found in the frontal lobe and allows us to speak.

39
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

It contains the sensory cortex and receives sensory information from the skin. It processes information about taste and body position and awareness.

40
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A

It allows us to interpret audio information.

41
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area and what does it do?

A

It is in the Temporal lobe and allows us to comprehend speech. It is also involved in facial and smell recognition, as well as musical Rythym and memory.

42
Q

What is the occipital lobe?

A

The line that interprets visual information.

43
Q

How did scientists learn about the brain?

A

Through injury to different parts of the brain, like Phineas Gage in 1848 when he had an iron rod shot through his head, surviving with many personality changes.

44
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

A system of nerves that bring information to and from the central nervous system.

45
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the PNS?

A

The Somatic and Autonomic nervous systems.

46
Q

What does the sommatic nervous system control and what kinds of nerves does it have?

A

The sommatic nervous system controls voluntary skeletal muscle movement. It contains 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves, which are both myelinated and have sensory and motor neurons to serve the body where they are found.

47
Q

Where do cranial nerve originate and what do they control?

A

Cranial nerves originate at the brain and do not touch the spinal cord. They control head, neck, and face functions.

48
Q

What is the Vagus nerve?

A

An exception to the cranial nerve rule of head, neck and face control. It connects to internal organs such as the heart, lungs, etc.

49
Q

What is Autonomic nervous system controlled by? What does it do?

A

The autonomic nervous system is controlled by the hypothalamus and the medulla oblongata. It’s neurons are bundled with simpatico nervous system neurons. It is involuntary control, such as glands and smooth and cardiac muscles.

50
Q

What 2 branches is the Autonomic nervous system broken into?

A

The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems.

51
Q

What is the Sympathetic nervous system? What neurotransmitter does it control the release of?

A

The sympathetic nervous system is prepared for emergencies. It controls the “fight or flight” response. It release a neurotransmitter called norepinephrine which has an excitatory effect on target muscles.

52
Q

What glands does the sympathetic nervous system control? What does the gland release?

A

It stimulates the adrenal glands to produce epinephrine, or, adrenaline which increases the heart rate and blood pressure to give skeletal muscles a boost.

53
Q

What does the Parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

It is the “rest and digest” response. It slows down the heart, reduces blood pressure and promotes food digestion.

Bio 30 morinville (4 decks)

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