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Bio 30 morinville > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are glands?

A

Organs that secrete substances in the body.

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2
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that are secreted in the blood stream.

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3
Q

What are lipid-based hormones? What is another name for them? Name two examples.

A

Hormones that are not soluble in water, and therefore are able to enter cells through the inside of the phospho-lipid bilayer’s hydrophobic tails, where they activate and deactivate cells. Examples are testosterone and estrogen.

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4
Q

What are protein-based hormones? Name two examples?

A

Protein-based hormones are soluble and water, and are able to bind to receptors on the hydrophilic heads of the phospho-lipid bilayer of cells. Examples are adrenaline and insulin.

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5
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

The body’s response to stop a production of a substance once a desired state has been reached.

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6
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Glands which secrete bodily substances to the inside of the body through the bloodstream or extra-cellular fluid.

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7
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Glands that secrete substances to the outside of the body through ducts.

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8
Q

What is the endocrine system composed of?

A

Glands all around the body and the hormones they secrete into the bloodstream.

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9
Q

What is the pituitary gland controlled by? What two groups is it divided into?

A

The pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus and is divided into the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary.

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10
Q

Where is the posterior pituitary? How does it release hormones?

A

The posterior pituitary is closer to the back of the body. It is not a true gland since it is controlled by neural impulses sent to it by the hypothalamus. It stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus upon command.

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11
Q

Where is the anterior pituitary? How does it release hormones?

A

The anterior pituitary is closer to the front of the body. It is a true gland that produces and releases its own hormones. It is activated by other hormones produced and secreted by the hypothalamus.

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12
Q

What hormones are involved in human growth? What organ releases them?

A

hGH-releasing hormone (GHRH) is released by the hypothalamus. This activates the anterior pituitary to produce and release human-growth hormone (hGH). This is secreted into the bloodstream where it will reach the liver, causing it to produce growth-factor 1 (GF1). This allows the body to grow. The negative feedback loop is activated by the amount of GF1 in the blood.

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13
Q

Where is ADH produced and stored?

A

The hypothalamus produces ADH, which is then stored in the posterior pituitary.

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14
Q

How is ADH released?

A

The posterior pituitary receives a signal from the hypothalamus after osmoreceptors in the blood detect low water levels.

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15
Q

What hormones are released in ADH release? Which organs release them?

A

The hypothalamus send a neural impulse to the posterior pituitary, which releases the ADH stored in it. The ADH enters the bloodstream and travels to the nephrons in the kidney, causing water to be reabsorbed, or less urine to be produced. A positive feedback loop for this process is a consistent low water level in the blood, while a negative feedback loop occurs when there is a sufficient amount of water in the blood.

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16
Q

What does a hyposecretion of ADH lead to?

A

Diabetes insipidus results from a lack of ADH.

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17
Q

What are symptoms of diabetes insipidus? how can it affect children?

A

Large amounts of dilute urine passed, loss of potassium, extreme thirst and fluid intake. Children may suffer from growth abnormalities, as well as appetite and weight gain issues.

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18
Q

Where is prolactin produced and released?

A

Prolactin is produced and released in the anterior pituitary.

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19
Q

Where does prolactin target? What is its affect on the body?

A

Prolactin targets mammory glands on the breast to produce milk when a baby is suckling.

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20
Q

What are the respective positive and negative feedback loops for prolactin?

A

The positive feedback loop occurs when the baby continues to suckle, as the mother will continue to produce milk for the baby to drink. The negative feedback loop occurs once the baby stops suckling, and the mother no longer needs to produce milk.

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21
Q

Where is oxytocin produced and released?

A

Oxytocin is produced by the hypothalamus, and released by the posterior pituitary.

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22
Q

Where does oxytocin target? What is its effect on the body?

A

Oxytocin targets the mammory glands for milk production and the uterine walls for contractions

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23
Q

What is the positive and negative feedback loop for oxytocin?

A

The positive feedback loop occurs as there is more and more pressure on the cervix the closer a baby is to being born. This causes oxytocin to continue uterine contractions to help push the baby out. The negative feedback loop occurs once there is no more pressure on the the cervix once the baby is born.

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24
Q

Where is the pineal gland found?

A

The pineal gland is found behind the thalamus, below the corpus callosum.

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25
Q

What does the pineal gland produce and what is its affect on the body?

A

The pineal gland produces melatonin, which regulates wake and sleep patterns, along with seasonal cycles.

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26
Q

What affects melatonin production?

A

Daylight affects melatonin production. More light results in less melatonin being produced.

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27
Q

How does seasonal affective disorder occur or what is its cause?

A

SAD occurs when there are shorter days in the winter, causing melatonin to be released earlier or later than it normally is..

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28
Q

What are the 2 types of adrenal glands?

A

The Adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex.

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29
Q

Where is the adrenal medulla found? Which stress response does it control? How?

A

The adrenal medulla is the inner layer of the adrenal glands, controlling short term stress response by receiving a neural impulse from the hypothalamus, and releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream. This has an effect on the body similar to the sympathetic nervous system.

30
Q

How does the adrenal medulla respond to stress?

A

A neural impulse is sent to the adrenal medulla, which releases adrenaline as a hormone in a fight or flight response. The negative feedback loop is the removal of the stress.

31
Q

Where is the adrenal cortex found? Which stress response does it respond to?

A

The adrenal cortex is the outer layer of the adrenal gland, and responded to long term stress.

32
Q

How does the adrenal cortex respond to long term stress?

A

CRH is released by the hypothalamus which targets the anterior pituitary, releasing ACTH which targets the adrenal cortex. The adrenal cortex releases cortisol and aldosterone into the blood. The negative feedback loop is the amount of cortisol and aldosterone in our blood, however this can be overdrives by human thought.

33
Q

What is a mineralcorticoid? Where is it released from?

A

A mineralcorticoid increases blood pressure. It is released by the adrenal cortex.

34
Q

What is a glucocorticoid? Where is it released from?

A

A glucocorticoid raises blood glucose levels. It is released by the adrenal cortex.

35
Q

What is a gonadicorticoid? Where is it released from? How does it differ from other hormones released here?

A

Gonadocorticoids secrete hormones that supplement male and female sec hormones. They are released by the adrenal cortex, however are not used in the long term stress response like mineralcorticoid and glucocorticoids.

36
Q

What kind of hormone is cortisol? What does cortisol do? How?

A

Cortisol is a glucocorticoid. Is raises blood glucose levels by breaking down fat cells and muscle proteins, which are converted to glucose or carbs in the liver through the process of gluconeogenesis. Cortisol weakens the immune system, causing people under long term stress to get sick more often.

37
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

The breakdown of fat and muscle proteins by the liver into sugar and carbohydrates.

38
Q

What is the HPA axis?

A

The process of the hypothalamus releasing CRH, the anterior pituitary releasing ACTH, and the adrenal cortex releasing cortisol and aldosterone as a long term stress response.

39
Q

What kind of hormone is aldosterone? What does it do? How?

A

Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid involved in raising blood pressure levels. It stimulates the tubules of the nephron in the kidneys to increase sodium réabsorption of sodium and potassium secretion, therefore increasing water réabsorption and blood pressure.

40
Q

What is addison’s disease caused by? What are its symptoms.

A

Addison’s is an autoimmune disorder due to the hypofunction of the adrenal cortex. Symptoms are low blood pressure, low blood sugar, weight loss and sodium/potassium imbalances.

41
Q

What is Cushing’s disease caused by? What are its symptoms? What is often a result of?

A

Cushing’s is caused by hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex. Its symptoms are hypertension and weight gain, mood swings and decreased sex drive, muscle loss and weakness or fatigue, and skin changes such as purple stretch marks. It is often a result of a tumour in the adrenal or pituitary glands.

42
Q

What are the Islets of Langerhans? Where are they found?

A

The Islets of Langerhans are clusters of cells found in the pancreas.

43
Q

What 2 hormones do the islets of Langerhans secrete?

A

Insulin and Glucagon.

44
Q

What does Glucagon do? How?

A

Glucagon raises blood sugar levels buy stimulating the liver to break down glycogen into glucose, and break fat tissue into glucose as well.

45
Q

What does insulin do? How?

A

Insulin lowers blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to convert glucose to glycogen, stimulating muscle cells to store glucose as protein, and fat tissue to become more fatty using excess glucose.

46
Q

How are glucagon and insulin related?

A

Glucagon and insulin are antagonistic hormones.

47
Q

What are antagonistic hormones?

A

Hormones that perform opposing function in order to balance an effect.

48
Q

What is hypoglycemia?

A

A disorder where too much insulin or not enough glucagon is produced, leading the a drop in blood sugar levels.

49
Q

What is diabetes mellitus/hyperglycemia?

A

A metabolic disorder that occurs when not enough insulin is produced or the body does not react to insulin properly. This causes blood glucose levels to rise, resulting in hyperglycemia.

50
Q

What are effects of diabetes mellitus/hyperglycemia?

A

Short term effects include low energy, excessive thirst and excessive urination. Long term effects include blindness, kidney failure, nerve damage and gangrene.

51
Q

What is Type -1 diabetes? What do they need to live?

A

An autoimmune disorder that occurs when the body’s beta cells are attacked by the immune system in the pancreas, stopping insulin production. Insulin shots are required daily to live.

52
Q

What is type-2 diabetes a result of?

A

Diabetes type-2 gradually develops as the body’s insulin receptors stop responding to insulin. One of the biggest risk factors is obesity.

53
Q

Where is the thyroid gland found? What hormones are produced here?

A

Directly below the larynx, and it produces thyroxine and calcitonin.

54
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands? What hormone do they produce?

A

The parathyroid glands are 4 small glands embedded in the thyroid which produce parathyroid hormone.

55
Q

What does thyroxine do? What is its release process?

A

Thyroxine increases metabolism levels by increasing body temperature. The hypothalamus releases thyrotropin releasing hormone, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce thyroid stimulating hormone. This stimulates the thyroid to produce and release thyroxine which increases cellular respiration. The negative feedback loop is the thyroxine levels in the blood.

56
Q

What is the HPT axis?

A

The hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid gland axis.

57
Q

What is hypothyroidism a result of? What are it’s symptoms?

A

Hypothyroidism occurs when an individual doesn’t produce enough thyroxine. Its symptoms are gaining weight, fatigue, hair loss and they are sensitive to the cold.

58
Q

What is cretinism? What are its results?

A

Cretinism is due to thyroid failure in children. As a result, they are shorter, stockier, and may experience mental development delays.

59
Q

What is hyperthyroidism? What are it’s symptoms?

A

Hyperthyroidism occurs when too much thyroxine is produced. Individuals may experience anxiety, insomnia, weight loss, and are sensitive to heat.

60
Q

What is Graves’ disease?

A

Grave’s disease is a severe case of hyperthyroidism, which results in eye swelling and potential protrusion, as well as swelling in the neck.

61
Q

What are Goitre’s a result of?

A

Goitre’s occur due to a lack of iodine in an individuals diet, which results in a lack of thyroxine production. The thyroids become enlarged.

62
Q

What is thyroid cancer due/linked to?

A

Thyroid cancer has been linked to increases of cases the correlate with radiation leaks, where iodine-131 is released and absorbed by the thyroid.

63
Q

What is calcitonin’s release process?

A

Calcitonin is released by the thyroid to stimulate calcium uptake when calcium levels are too high in the blood. Calcium is absorbed by bones, released in urine and absorbed into intestinal walls.

64
Q

What is Parathyroid hormone’s release process?

A

PTH release is stimulated by a low calcium blood level and stimulate the breakdown of calcium in the bones and réabsorption in the kidneys, as well as the intestinal walls.

65
Q

How are calcitonin and PTH related?

A

They are antagonistic hormones. When calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels too much, PTH kicks in, and the opposite in a cycle.

66
Q

What does calcium do in the body?

A

Calcium plays a role in blood clotting, nerve conduction, and muscle contractions.

67
Q

Where is the thymus gland? What hormone does it produce? What is its function?

A

The thymus gland is located behind the sternum, between the lungs. It releases thymosin which stimulates the production of T-lymphocytes.

68
Q

How is the thymus gland different from other glands in the body? Why is it this way?

A

The thymus gland slowly morphs into a ball of fat after puberty has been reached, as most viruses have been exposed to the body already.

69
Q

What are the gonads? What do they produce?

A

The gonads are a part of the reproductive system in males ( testes) and females (ovaries). They produce gametes which are reproductive cells.

70
Q

What is the HPG axis?

A

The hypothalamus, pituitary, gonad axis.

71
Q

What is the process of the HPG axis in males?

A

The hypothalamus releases GnRG (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) which stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce and release 2 gonadotropins, LH (leutinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle stimulating hormone). These stimulate the testes to produce sperm and testosterone, which helps with sperm production, produces secondary sex characteristics, and is the negative feedback loop for this axis.

72
Q

What is the process of the HPG axis in females?

A

The hypothalamus produces GnRH which stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce and release LH and FSH. This stimulates the ovaries to produce an egg and estrogen, which helps with egg production and produces secondary sex characteristics in females. The ovaries also produce progesterone which thickens uterine walls. Estrogen and progesterone are both part of the negative feedback or positive feedback loops depending on the time of the month in the HPG axis.

Bio 30 morinville (4 decks)

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