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AP Psychology > Unit 1 - Psychology's History and Approaches > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Psychology's History and Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Who?
- established the first formal U.S. psychology laboratory at John Hopkins University
- receives the first U.S. Ph.D. based on psychological research
- becomes the first president of the APA

A

G. Stanley Hall

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2
Q

Who?
- publishes The Principles of Psychology
- described psychology as “the science of mental life”
- establishes the school of functionalism

A

William James

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3
Q

Who?
- becomes the first female psychologist elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences
- first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology (Cornell)
- The Animal Mind
- becomes the second female APA president

A

Margaret Floy Washburn

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4
Q

Who?
- published The Interpretation of Dreams
- emphasized the ways emotional responses to childhood experiences and our unconscious thought processes affect our behavior
- Austrian

A

Sigmund Freud

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5
Q

Who founded psychoanalysis?

A

Sigmund Freud

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6
Q

Who?
- known for the Little Albert experiment
- redefined psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior”
-founded behaviorism

A

John B. Watson

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7
Q

Who?
- founded humanistic psychology
- humanistic theory of personality development

A

Carl Rogers

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8
Q

Who?
- pioneered the study of learning
- a Russian physiologist
- developed an experiment testing the concept of the conditioned reflex

A

Ivan Pavlov

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9
Q

Who?
- developmental psychologist
- The Language and Thought of the Child
- most influential observer of children

A

Jean Piaget

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10
Q

Who?
- an advocate for the mentally ill
- created the first mental hospitals across the US and Europe

A

Dorothea Dix

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11
Q

Who?
- established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig (in Germany)
- was seeking to measure “atoms of the mind”
- founded structuralism

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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12
Q

Who?
- famously argued that the mind at birth is a tabula rasa - a “blank state”

A

John Locke

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13
Q

What?
- the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should rely on observation and experimentation

A

empericism

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14
Q

Who?
- used introspection to search for the mind’s structural elements
- aimed to discover the structural elements of mind
- his method was to engage people in self-reflective introspection (looking inward)

A

Edward Bradford Tichener

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15
Q

Who?
- first woman to be president of the APA
- dream research

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

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16
Q

What psychology?
- the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

A

experimental psychology

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17
Q

What ism?
- the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

A

behaviorism

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18
Q

What psychology?
- a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people

A

humanistic psychology

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19
Q

What ism?
- early school of thought promoted by Wilhelm Wundt; used introspection to reveal the structure of the mind

A

structuralism

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20
Q

What ism?
- early school of thought promoted by James Williams; explored how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

A

functionalism

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21
Q

What?
- the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

A

nature/nurture issue

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22
Q

What?
- the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing and given phenomenon

A

level of analysis

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23
Q

What approach?
- an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

A

biopsychosocial approach

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24
Q

What psychology?
- the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning

A

behavioral psychology

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25
Q

What psychology?
- the scientific link between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes

A

biological psychology

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26
Q

What perspective?
- depression is caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain, hereditary factors or damaged brain structures

A

biological perspective

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27
Q

What perspective?
- early childhood experiences
- unresolved, hidden conflicts
- effects of mother/child/father interactions

A

psychodynamic perspective

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28
Q

What perspective?
- a person does depressive behaviors because they learned that it can gain some sort of reward (pity-attention) or they’re imitating someone in their life that modeled this kind of behavior when faced with similar situations

A

behavioral perspective

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29
Q

What perspective?
- one becomes depressed constantly thinking depressing thoughts, having a negative, pessimistic outlook on life

A

cognitive perspective

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30
Q

What perspective?
- depression is caused by poverty, poor economic opportunity, alienation, low status, gender, ethnicity

A

social-cultural perspective

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31
Q

What perspective?
- depression is caused by one not being able to live up to your potential; one feels stifled, kept down, alienated

A

humanistic perspective

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32
Q

What perspective?
- depression may serve a certain evolutionary purpose
- how our traits and behaviors are designed to boost survival levels

A

evolutionary perspective

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33
Q

What perspective?
- systematically considers biological, psychological, and social factors and their complex interactions

A

biopsychosocial perspective

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34
Q

What psychology?
- the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

A

cognitive psychology

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35
Q

What psychology?
- the study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection

A

evolutionary psychology

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36
Q

What psychology?
- a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders

A

psychodynamic psychology

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37
Q

What psychology?
- the study of how situations and cultures affect out behavior and thinking

A

social-cultural psychology

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38
Q

What psychology?
- a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

A

developmental psychology

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39
Q

What psychology?
- the application of psychological concepts to and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

A

industrial-organizational psychology

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40
Q

What psychology?
- an I/O psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

A

human factors psychology

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41
Q

What psychology?
- a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

A

clinical psychology

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42
Q

What?
- the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)

A

hindsight bias

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43
Q

What?
- thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions (it examines assumptions, assesses the source, discerns hidden values, evaluated evidence, and assesses conclusions)

A

critical thinking

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44
Q

What?
- a measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other

A

correlation

45
Q

What?
- a statistical index of the relationship between two variables (from -1.0 to +1.0)

A

correlation coefficient

46
Q

What?
- the perception of a relationship where none exists

A

illusory correlation

47
Q

What?
- assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing the preexisting differences between the different groups

A

random assignment

48
Q

What?
- an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or placebo (commonly used in drug-evaluation studies)

A

double-blind procedure

49
Q

What?
- experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent

A

placebo effect

50
Q

What variable?
- a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an affect in an experiment

A

confounding variable

51
Q

What are the types of descriptive statistics?

A
  • central tendency (mean, median, mode)
  • measures of variation (range, standard deviation)
52
Q

What type of descriptive statistics?
- the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

A

mode

53
Q

What type of descriptive statistics?
- the arithmetic average of a distribution

A

mean

54
Q

What type of descriptive statistics?
- the middle score in a distribution

A

median

55
Q

What distribution?
- a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

A

skewed distribution

56
Q

What type of descriptive statistics?
- the difference between the highest and lowest score in a distribution

A

range

57
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

58
Q

What is statistical significance?

A

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

59
Q

What ethical guideline?
- an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

A

informed consent

60
Q

What ethical guideline?
- the post experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

A

debriefing

61
Q

What are the five ethical guidelines?

A
  1. informed consent
  2. confidentiality/anonymity
  3. protection from harm
  4. debriefing
  5. right to withdraw
62
Q

What is a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study?

A

operational definition

63
Q

What descriptive research method?
- one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

A

case study

64
Q

What descriptive research method?
- observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

A

naturalistic observation

65
Q

What descriptive research method?
- a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors by particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

A

survey

66
Q

What is a strength of a case study?

A

helps highlight need for more research

67
Q

What is a weakness of a case study?

A

highly subjective, not representative at all

68
Q

What is a strength of a survey?

A

data from tons of people

69
Q

What is a weakness in a survey?

A

lacks depth, wording effect

70
Q

What is a strength of naturalistic observation?

A

they do not know they are being observed, no interference

71
Q

What is a weakness of naturalistic observation?

A

doesn’t explain behavior

72
Q

What is the observer effect?

A

people change behavior when being watched

73
Q

What descriptive research method?
- study behavior as subject ages
- follows subject for many years

A

longitudinal

74
Q

What is a strength of longitudinal?

A

observation & correlation used, more than one observation done

75
Q

What is a weakness of longitudinal?

A

expensive, takes long time, subject can leave anytime

76
Q

What descriptive research method?
- study how behavior/thoughts vary across different age groups

A

cross-sectional

77
Q

What is a strength for cross-sectional?

A

provide data on entire population, can take minimal time to conduct

78
Q

What is a weakness for cross-sectional?

A

must control for difference other than age, volunteer bias

79
Q

What?
- a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

A

random sample

80
Q

What?
- after the fact
- “Quasi-experiment” (you can’t manipulate the IV)
- you study something you can’t ethically make someone do, also these studies are conducted after the fact
- no random sample

A

ex post facto

81
Q

What?
- to select participants from population
- allows you to generalize results

A

random sampling

82
Q

What is a single blind procedure?

A

the subjects being unaware

83
Q

What?
- humans tend to think we know more than we do
- we tend to be more confident than correct

A

overconfidence

84
Q

What?
- have to conduct an experiment to see if A causes B

A

causation

85
Q

correlation is not…

A

causation

86
Q

The debate on the relative contributions of biology and experience to human development is most often referred to as

A

the nature-nurture issue

87
Q

What perspective?
If a child is behaving poorly, it is likely because this behavior has been rewarded somehow.

A

behavioral

88
Q

What famous psychologist is credited with opening the first ever psychology laboratory?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

89
Q

Which perspective studies learning and how rewards and punishments influence how humans and animals act (observable responses)?

A

behaviorism

90
Q

Who developed the theory of “functionalism”?

A

William James

91
Q

A psychologist that uses ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status influence our behavior.

A

social-cultural psychology

92
Q

Who established the first psychology lab in the U.S. and was the first president of the APA?

A

G. Stanley Hall

93
Q

Who was the first female president of the APA?

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

94
Q

How did Dorothea Dix help lead to change and greater awareness to the issue she was focused on reforming?

A

She opened several hospitals for the mentally ill

95
Q

When researchers cannot ethically randomly assign people in an experiment, so they compare groups that already exist.

A

correlational study

96
Q

When two variables increase and decrease together

A

positive correlation

97
Q

One of the drawbacks of this type of study is that the conclusion are not very generalizable.

A

case study

98
Q

When researchers meet with participants at a study’s conclusion to reveal information and ensure their well-being

A

debriefing

99
Q

A variable outside of what is being controlled in the experiment that has an unwanted effect on the results.

A

confounding variable

100
Q

Research must maintain utmost protection of all participants’ information and identity

A

confidentiality

101
Q

The disadvantage of this descriptive research method is that single cases can be very misleading.

A

case study

102
Q

The ethical guideline for research in which participants must agree to be part of the study is known as

A

informed consent

103
Q

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research experiment is known as

A

operational definition

104
Q

A disadvantage of this descriptive method is that only 50% of the people asked to participate, actually do.

A

survey

105
Q

Participants are told the green liquid is a new energy drink that offers a nearly instant energy boost. They are asked to list 25 lbs as many times as possible. Then, after rest, they drink the drink and try again. Most do much better after drinking, even though it’s really just water.

A

placebo effect

106
Q

What? nature/nurture
- birth, genetics, heredity, predisposition, innate
- innate biological factors

A

nature

107
Q

What? nature/nurture
- experience, environment, learn

A

nurture

108
Q

Which of the following perspectives is most likely to address how the encoding, storing, and retrieval of information might alter our thoughts?

A

cognitive

109
Q
A

AP Psychology (3 decks)

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