Unit 1 - Psychology's History and Approaches Flashcards
Who?
- established the first formal U.S. psychology laboratory at John Hopkins University
- receives the first U.S. Ph.D. based on psychological research
- becomes the first president of the APA
G. Stanley Hall
Who?
- publishes The Principles of Psychology
- described psychology as “the science of mental life”
- establishes the school of functionalism
William James
Who?
- becomes the first female psychologist elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences
- first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology (Cornell)
- The Animal Mind
- becomes the second female APA president
Margaret Floy Washburn
Who?
- published The Interpretation of Dreams
- emphasized the ways emotional responses to childhood experiences and our unconscious thought processes affect our behavior
- Austrian
Sigmund Freud
Who founded psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
Who?
- known for the Little Albert experiment
- redefined psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior”
-founded behaviorism
John B. Watson
Who?
- founded humanistic psychology
- humanistic theory of personality development
Carl Rogers
Who?
- pioneered the study of learning
- a Russian physiologist
- developed an experiment testing the concept of the conditioned reflex
Ivan Pavlov
Who?
- developmental psychologist
- The Language and Thought of the Child
- most influential observer of children
Jean Piaget
Who?
- an advocate for the mentally ill
- created the first mental hospitals across the US and Europe
Dorothea Dix
Who?
- established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig (in Germany)
- was seeking to measure “atoms of the mind”
- founded structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt
Who?
- famously argued that the mind at birth is a tabula rasa - a “blank state”
John Locke
What?
- the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should rely on observation and experimentation
empericism
Who?
- used introspection to search for the mind’s structural elements
- aimed to discover the structural elements of mind
- his method was to engage people in self-reflective introspection (looking inward)
Edward Bradford Tichener
Who?
- first woman to be president of the APA
- dream research
Mary Whiton Calkins
What psychology?
- the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method
experimental psychology
What ism?
- the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes
behaviorism
What psychology?
- a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people
humanistic psychology
What ism?
- early school of thought promoted by Wilhelm Wundt; used introspection to reveal the structure of the mind
structuralism
What ism?
- early school of thought promoted by James Williams; explored how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
functionalism
What?
- the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
nature/nurture issue
What?
- the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing and given phenomenon
level of analysis
What approach?
- an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
biopsychosocial approach
What psychology?
- the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning
behavioral psychology
What psychology?
- the scientific link between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes
biological psychology
What perspective?
- depression is caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain, hereditary factors or damaged brain structures
biological perspective
What perspective?
- early childhood experiences
- unresolved, hidden conflicts
- effects of mother/child/father interactions
psychodynamic perspective
What perspective?
- a person does depressive behaviors because they learned that it can gain some sort of reward (pity-attention) or they’re imitating someone in their life that modeled this kind of behavior when faced with similar situations
behavioral perspective
What perspective?
- one becomes depressed constantly thinking depressing thoughts, having a negative, pessimistic outlook on life
cognitive perspective
What perspective?
- depression is caused by poverty, poor economic opportunity, alienation, low status, gender, ethnicity
social-cultural perspective
What perspective?
- depression is caused by one not being able to live up to your potential; one feels stifled, kept down, alienated
humanistic perspective
What perspective?
- depression may serve a certain evolutionary purpose
- how our traits and behaviors are designed to boost survival levels
evolutionary perspective
What perspective?
- systematically considers biological, psychological, and social factors and their complex interactions
biopsychosocial perspective
What psychology?
- the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
cognitive psychology
What psychology?
- the study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection
evolutionary psychology
What psychology?
- a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders
psychodynamic psychology
What psychology?
- the study of how situations and cultures affect out behavior and thinking
social-cultural psychology
What psychology?
- a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
developmental psychology
What psychology?
- the application of psychological concepts to and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
industrial-organizational psychology
What psychology?
- an I/O psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use
human factors psychology
What psychology?
- a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
clinical psychology
What?
- the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)
hindsight bias
What?
- thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions (it examines assumptions, assesses the source, discerns hidden values, evaluated evidence, and assesses conclusions)
critical thinking
What?
- a measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other
correlation
What?
- a statistical index of the relationship between two variables (from -1.0 to +1.0)
correlation coefficient
What?
- the perception of a relationship where none exists
illusory correlation
What?
- assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing the preexisting differences between the different groups
random assignment
What?
- an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or placebo (commonly used in drug-evaluation studies)
double-blind procedure
What?
- experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent
placebo effect
What variable?
- a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an affect in an experiment
confounding variable
What are the types of descriptive statistics?
- central tendency (mean, median, mode)
- measures of variation (range, standard deviation)
What type of descriptive statistics?
- the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution
mode
What type of descriptive statistics?
- the arithmetic average of a distribution
mean
What type of descriptive statistics?
- the middle score in a distribution
median
What distribution?
- a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value
skewed distribution
What type of descriptive statistics?
- the difference between the highest and lowest score in a distribution
range
What is standard deviation?
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
What is statistical significance?
a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
What ethical guideline?
- an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
informed consent
What ethical guideline?
- the post experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants
debriefing
What are the five ethical guidelines?
- informed consent
- confidentiality/anonymity
- protection from harm
- debriefing
- right to withdraw
What is a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study?
operational definition
What descriptive research method?
- one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
case study
What descriptive research method?
- observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
naturalistic observation
What descriptive research method?
- a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors by particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group
survey
What is a strength of a case study?
helps highlight need for more research
What is a weakness of a case study?
highly subjective, not representative at all
What is a strength of a survey?
data from tons of people
What is a weakness in a survey?
lacks depth, wording effect
What is a strength of naturalistic observation?
they do not know they are being observed, no interference
What is a weakness of naturalistic observation?
doesn’t explain behavior
What is the observer effect?
people change behavior when being watched
What descriptive research method?
- study behavior as subject ages
- follows subject for many years
longitudinal
What is a strength of longitudinal?
observation & correlation used, more than one observation done
What is a weakness of longitudinal?
expensive, takes long time, subject can leave anytime
What descriptive research method?
- study how behavior/thoughts vary across different age groups
cross-sectional
What is a strength for cross-sectional?
provide data on entire population, can take minimal time to conduct
What is a weakness for cross-sectional?
must control for difference other than age, volunteer bias
What?
- a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
random sample
What?
- after the fact
- “Quasi-experiment” (you can’t manipulate the IV)
- you study something you can’t ethically make someone do, also these studies are conducted after the fact
- no random sample
ex post facto
What?
- to select participants from population
- allows you to generalize results
random sampling
What is a single blind procedure?
the subjects being unaware
What?
- humans tend to think we know more than we do
- we tend to be more confident than correct
overconfidence
What?
- have to conduct an experiment to see if A causes B
causation
correlation is not…
causation
The debate on the relative contributions of biology and experience to human development is most often referred to as
the nature-nurture issue
What perspective?
If a child is behaving poorly, it is likely because this behavior has been rewarded somehow.
behavioral
What famous psychologist is credited with opening the first ever psychology laboratory?
Wilhelm Wundt
Which perspective studies learning and how rewards and punishments influence how humans and animals act (observable responses)?
behaviorism
Who developed the theory of “functionalism”?
William James
A psychologist that uses ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status influence our behavior.
social-cultural psychology
Who established the first psychology lab in the U.S. and was the first president of the APA?
G. Stanley Hall
Who was the first female president of the APA?
Mary Whiton Calkins
How did Dorothea Dix help lead to change and greater awareness to the issue she was focused on reforming?
She opened several hospitals for the mentally ill
When researchers cannot ethically randomly assign people in an experiment, so they compare groups that already exist.
correlational study
When two variables increase and decrease together
positive correlation
One of the drawbacks of this type of study is that the conclusion are not very generalizable.
case study
When researchers meet with participants at a study’s conclusion to reveal information and ensure their well-being
debriefing
A variable outside of what is being controlled in the experiment that has an unwanted effect on the results.
confounding variable
Research must maintain utmost protection of all participants’ information and identity
confidentiality
The disadvantage of this descriptive research method is that single cases can be very misleading.
case study
The ethical guideline for research in which participants must agree to be part of the study is known as
informed consent
A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research experiment is known as
operational definition
A disadvantage of this descriptive method is that only 50% of the people asked to participate, actually do.
survey
Participants are told the green liquid is a new energy drink that offers a nearly instant energy boost. They are asked to list 25 lbs as many times as possible. Then, after rest, they drink the drink and try again. Most do much better after drinking, even though it’s really just water.
placebo effect
What? nature/nurture
- birth, genetics, heredity, predisposition, innate
- innate biological factors
nature
What? nature/nurture
- experience, environment, learn
nurture
Which of the following perspectives is most likely to address how the encoding, storing, and retrieval of information might alter our thoughts?
cognitive
