Mock Exam AP Psych Flashcards
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
fluid intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age; facts
crystallized intelligence
a strict style of parenting that places high expectations on children
authoritarian parenting
the parents are nurturing, responsive, and supportive, yet set firm limits for their children
authoritative parenting
a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue; show brain anatomy
MRI
a mood stabilizing medication prescribed primarily for bipolar disorder, a mental health disorder with extreme highs and lows of mood
lithium carbonate
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities
dissociative identity disorder
a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli; commonly used to treat phobias
systematic desensitization
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
deindividuation
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
conditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally (naturally and automatically) triggers a response
unconditioned stimulus
a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment
confounding variable
Who made the stages of cognitive development?
Piaget
What stage of cognitive development?
- 0 - 2 years
- experience the world through their senses; walking, putting stuff in their mouths
- lack object permanence up until 8 or 9 months
sensorimotor
What stage of cognitive development?
- 2 - 6 years
- Make believe feels real
- egocentrism develops and they are unable to understand theory of mind (that people around them have their own thoughts, knowledge, beliefs, perceptions)
- cannot understand conservation
preoperational
What stage of cognitive development?
- 7 - 11 years
- children can think logically
- rewards and punishments are understood (but not truth and justice)
concrete operational
What stage of cognitive development?
- 12 +
- abstract and systematic reasoning develops
- can solve for x
- introspection (observe own mental/emotional processes)
formal operational
A(n) __________ approach combines techniques from various forms of therapy
eclectic approach
_____________ therapy treats psychological disorders with medications or procedures that act directly on a patient’s physiology
biomedical
a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure
major depressive disorder
the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart) - its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms
autonomic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
sympathetic nervous system
an organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
habituation
increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers; when presented after a response, strengthens the response
positive reinforcement
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli; when removed after a response, strengthens the response
negative reinforcement
the brain’s sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
thalamus
a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to the emotion and reward
hypothalamus
What lobe?
- portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements
frontal lobes
What lobe?
- portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position
parietal lobes
What lobe?
- portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields
occipital lobes
What lobe?
- portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear
temporal lobes
two lima-bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion, fear
amygdala
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
reciprocal determinism
What neurotransmitter?
- give you feelings of pleasure, satisfaction and motivation
dopamine
What neurotransmitter?
- controls your mood
serotonin
What perspective?
- our childhood experiences and unconscious desires shape our behavior
- Sigmund Freud
psychoanalytic perspective
PARTS OF THE EAR
rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur; also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active
REM sleep
What stage of sleep?
- sleep marked by slow breathing and irregular brain waves (different from the slow alpha waves of a relaxed awake state); may experience hallucinations, or the hypnagogic sensation of falling in this stage of sleep
NREM 1
What stage of sleep?
- marked by periodic sleep spindles, bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity (theta waves), able to be awakened without difficulty
NREM 2
What stage of sleep?
- brain emits large slow delta waves associated with deep sleep; difficult to be awakened from
NREM 3
What sleep disorder?
- recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
insomnia
What sleep disorder?
- uncontrollable sleep attacks, sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times
narcolepsy
What sleep disorder?
- temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
sleep apnea
encoding, _________, then __________
storage, retrieval
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
sensory memory
What person…
- encoding from sensory memory goes to short term memory
- “Magic 7” we can hold 7 (+/- 2) items
George Miller
updated understanding of short-term memory that focuses on
- conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information
- information retrieved from long-term memory
working memory
- retaining information unconsciously (nondeclarative memory)
- automatic processing
implicit memories
- memory of facts & experiences one can consciously know and declare (declarative memory)
- effortful processing- this requires attention and conscious effort
explicit memories
What type of explicit memory?
- memories are personally experienced
- what most people refer to as “memories”
episodic (events)
What type of explicit memory?
- general factual knowledge
- not drawn from personal experience
semantic (facts)
a process by which synaptic connections between neurons become stronger with frequent activation
long term potentiation
Who?
- stanford prison experiment, which demonstrated the power of social situations to influence people’s behavior
Philip Zimbardo
the “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory
cerebellum
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
retroactive interference
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the
brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious
problem solving
parallel processing
What personality cluster?
- eccentric or odd behaviors
cluster A
What personality cluster?
- dramatic or impulsive behaviors
cluster B
interprets normal physical sensations & symptoms of a disease
illness anxiety disorder
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
savant syndrome
What are the symptoms of schizophrenia?
- hallucinations
- delusions
- disorganized speech
- bodily symptoms without an apparent physical cause
- symptoms are specific like pain or nonspecific like fatigue
- excessive concern about physical symptoms
somatoform disorder/somatic symptom disorder
- the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
- we want to stay at homeostasis
Hull’s Drive Reduction Theory
the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three color) theory
a compliance tactic that aims at getting a person to agree to a large request by having them agree to a modest request
foot in the door
- how we explain our behavior depending on whether the outcome of our behavior is positive or negative
- a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
self serving
the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
fundamental attribution error
- a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives
- operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
ID
- the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality
- operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
EGO
- the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
SUPEREGO
Who did the monkey experiment?
- wanted to study the mechanisms by which newborn rhesus monkeys bond with their mothers
Harry Harlow
a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into composite representation of a slice of the brain’s structure
CAT scan
obedience and punishment, instrumental purpose, good boy nice girl, law and order, social contract and universal ethical principle
preconventional, conventional, and postconventional
kohlberg’s stages of moral development
What is the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve?
shows how fast we forget new information we learn over time
Who did dream analysis?
Mary Whiton Calkins
founded the idea of structuralism
Edward Titchener
Who said operant conditioning influenced thoughts about child development
BF Skinner
