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AP Psychology > Mock Exam AP Psych > Flashcards

Mock Exam AP Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

A

fluid intelligence

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2
Q

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age; facts

A

crystallized intelligence

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3
Q

a strict style of parenting that places high expectations on children

A

authoritarian parenting

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4
Q

the parents are nurturing, responsive, and supportive, yet set firm limits for their children

A

authoritative parenting

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5
Q

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue; show brain anatomy

A

MRI

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6
Q

a mood stabilizing medication prescribed primarily for bipolar disorder, a mental health disorder with extreme highs and lows of mood

A

lithium carbonate

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7
Q

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities

A

dissociative identity disorder

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8
Q

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli; commonly used to treat phobias

A

systematic desensitization

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9
Q

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

A

deindividuation

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10
Q

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

A

conditioned stimulus

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11
Q

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally (naturally and automatically) triggers a response

A

unconditioned stimulus

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12
Q

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

A

confounding variable

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13
Q

Who made the stages of cognitive development?

A

Piaget

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14
Q

What stage of cognitive development?
- 0 - 2 years
- experience the world through their senses; walking, putting stuff in their mouths
- lack object permanence up until 8 or 9 months

A

sensorimotor

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15
Q

What stage of cognitive development?
- 2 - 6 years
- Make believe feels real
- egocentrism develops and they are unable to understand theory of mind (that people around them have their own thoughts, knowledge, beliefs, perceptions)
- cannot understand conservation

A

preoperational

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16
Q

What stage of cognitive development?
- 7 - 11 years
- children can think logically
- rewards and punishments are understood (but not truth and justice)

A

concrete operational

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17
Q

What stage of cognitive development?
- 12 +
- abstract and systematic reasoning develops
- can solve for x
- introspection (observe own mental/emotional processes)

A

formal operational

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18
Q

A(n) __________ approach combines techniques from various forms of therapy

A

eclectic approach

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19
Q

_____________ therapy treats psychological disorders with medications or procedures that act directly on a patient’s physiology

A

biomedical

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20
Q

a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure

A

major depressive disorder

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21
Q

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart) - its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms

A

autonomic nervous system

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22
Q

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

A

sympathetic nervous system

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23
Q

an organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

A

habituation

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24
Q

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers; when presented after a response, strengthens the response

A

positive reinforcement

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25
Q

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli; when removed after a response, strengthens the response

A

negative reinforcement

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26
Q

the brain’s sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

A

thalamus

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27
Q

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to the emotion and reward

A

hypothalamus

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28
Q

What lobe?
- portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements

A

frontal lobes

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29
Q

What lobe?
- portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position

A

parietal lobes

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30
Q

What lobe?
- portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields

A

occipital lobes

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31
Q

What lobe?
- portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear

A

temporal lobes

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32
Q

two lima-bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion, fear

A

amygdala

33
Q

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

A

reciprocal determinism

34
Q

What neurotransmitter?
- give you feelings of pleasure, satisfaction and motivation

A

dopamine

35
Q

What neurotransmitter?
- controls your mood

A

serotonin

36
Q

What perspective?
- our childhood experiences and unconscious desires shape our behavior
- Sigmund Freud

A

psychoanalytic perspective

37
Q
A

PARTS OF THE EAR

38
Q

rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur; also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

A

REM sleep

39
Q

What stage of sleep?
- sleep marked by slow breathing and irregular brain waves (different from the slow alpha waves of a relaxed awake state); may experience hallucinations, or the hypnagogic sensation of falling in this stage of sleep

A

NREM 1

40
Q

What stage of sleep?
- marked by periodic sleep spindles, bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity (theta waves), able to be awakened without difficulty

A

NREM 2

41
Q

What stage of sleep?
- brain emits large slow delta waves associated with deep sleep; difficult to be awakened from

A

NREM 3

42
Q

What sleep disorder?
- recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

A

insomnia

43
Q

What sleep disorder?
- uncontrollable sleep attacks, sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

A

narcolepsy

44
Q

What sleep disorder?
- temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

A

sleep apnea

45
Q

encoding, _________, then __________

A

storage, retrieval

46
Q

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

A

sensory memory

47
Q

What person…
- encoding from sensory memory goes to short term memory
- “Magic 7” we can hold 7 (+/- 2) items

A

George Miller

48
Q

updated understanding of short-term memory that focuses on
- conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information
- information retrieved from long-term memory

A

working memory

49
Q
  • retaining information unconsciously (nondeclarative memory)
  • automatic processing
A

implicit memories

50
Q
  • memory of facts & experiences one can consciously know and declare (declarative memory)
  • effortful processing- this requires attention and conscious effort
A

explicit memories

51
Q

What type of explicit memory?
- memories are personally experienced
- what most people refer to as “memories”

A

episodic (events)

52
Q

What type of explicit memory?
- general factual knowledge
- not drawn from personal experience

A

semantic (facts)

53
Q

a process by which synaptic connections between neurons become stronger with frequent activation

A

long term potentiation

54
Q

Who?
- stanford prison experiment, which demonstrated the power of social situations to influence people’s behavior

A

Philip Zimbardo

55
Q

the “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory

A

cerebellum

56
Q

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

A

retroactive interference

57
Q

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the
brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious
problem solving

A

parallel processing

58
Q

What personality cluster?
- eccentric or odd behaviors

A

cluster A

59
Q

What personality cluster?
- dramatic or impulsive behaviors

A

cluster B

60
Q

interprets normal physical sensations & symptoms of a disease

A

illness anxiety disorder

61
Q

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

A

savant syndrome

62
Q

What are the symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • hallucinations
  • delusions
  • disorganized speech
63
Q
  • bodily symptoms without an apparent physical cause
  • symptoms are specific like pain or nonspecific like fatigue
  • excessive concern about physical symptoms
A

somatoform disorder/somatic symptom disorder

64
Q
  • the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
  • we want to stay at homeostasis
A

Hull’s Drive Reduction Theory

65
Q

the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color

A

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three color) theory

66
Q

a compliance tactic that aims at getting a person to agree to a large request by having them agree to a modest request

A

foot in the door

67
Q
  • how we explain our behavior depending on whether the outcome of our behavior is positive or negative
  • a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
A

self serving

68
Q

the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

A

fundamental attribution error

69
Q
  • a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives
  • operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
A

ID

70
Q
  • the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality
  • operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
A

EGO

71
Q
  • the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
A

SUPEREGO

72
Q

Who did the monkey experiment?
- wanted to study the mechanisms by which newborn rhesus monkeys bond with their mothers

A

Harry Harlow

73
Q

a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into composite representation of a slice of the brain’s structure

A

CAT scan

74
Q

obedience and punishment, instrumental purpose, good boy nice girl, law and order, social contract and universal ethical principle
preconventional, conventional, and postconventional

A

kohlberg’s stages of moral development

75
Q

What is the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve?

A

shows how fast we forget new information we learn over time

76
Q

Who did dream analysis?

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

77
Q

founded the idea of structuralism

A

Edward Titchener

78
Q

Who said operant conditioning influenced thoughts about child development

A

BF Skinner

79
Q
A

AP Psychology (3 decks)

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