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AP Psychology > AP Psychology EXAM > Flashcards

AP Psychology EXAM Flashcards

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1
Q

What perspective?
- depression is caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain, hereditary factors or damaged brain structures

A

biological perspective

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2
Q

What perspective?
- depression is caused by hidden unconscious conflicts buried deep in the past

A

psychoanalytic/psychodynamic

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3
Q

Who created the psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective?

A

Sigmund Freud

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4
Q

What perspective?
- a person does depressive behaviors because they learned that it can gain some sort of reward (pity-attention) or they’re imitating someone in their life that modeled this kind of behavior when faced with similar situations

A

behavioral perspective

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5
Q

Who created the behavioral perspective?

A

John B. Watson

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6
Q

What perspective?
- one becomes depressed by constantly thinking depressing thoughts, having a negative, pessimistic outlook on life

A

cognitive perspective

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7
Q

What perspective?
- depression is caused by poverty, poor economic opportunity, alienation, low status

A

socialcultural perspective

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8
Q

Who created the socialcultural perspective?

A

Lev Vygotsky

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9
Q

What perspective?
- depression is caused by one not being able to live up to your potential; one feels stifled, kept down, alienated

A

humanistic perspective

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10
Q

What is the tendency of people to overestimate their ability or predict an outcome that couldn’t have been predicted?

A

hindsight bias

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11
Q

What type of research method describes behaviors?

A

descriptive

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12
Q

What type of research method explores relationships between 2 factors?

A

correlational

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13
Q

What type of research method seeks to prove causation?

A

experimental

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14
Q

What research method (descriptive)?
- study individual or small group
- focus on unique situations
Strength – helps highlight need for more research
Weakness – highly subjective, not representative of all

A

case study

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15
Q

What research method (descriptive)?
- polls, consists of questions, random sample
- aims to estimate from a representative sample attitudes/behaviors of whole population
Strength: Data from tons of people
Weakness: lacks depth, wording effect

A

survey

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16
Q

What research method (descriptive)?
- watching organism in natural habitat
- observer effect
Strength: they do not know they are observed, no interference
Weakness: doesn’t explain behavior

A

naturalistic observation

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17
Q

What research method (descriptive)?
- study behavior as subject ages
- twins are great for this study
Strength: observation & correlation used, more than one observation done
Weakness: Expensive, takes long time, subject can leave anytime

A

longitudinal

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18
Q

What research method (descriptive)?
- study how behavior/thoughts vary across different age groups
Strength: Provide data on entire population, can take minimal time to conduct
Weakness: Must control for difference other than age, volunteer bias

A

cross-sectional

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19
Q

What research method?
- you study something you can’t ethically make someone do, also these studies are conducted after the fact - no random sample
- ‘Quasi-experiment’ (you can’t manipulate the IV)
- Ex. Impact of obesity on financial success, alcoholism on divorce

A

ex post facto

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20
Q

What type of research?
- measuring the relationship between two factors
- use surveys, naturalistic observations
- correlation does not equal causation

A

correlational

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21
Q

What is a correlation coefficient?

A

A statistical measure of the extent to which two factors relate to one another
- range is from -1 to +1
- range gets weaker the closer you get to zero

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22
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

prove that A causes B
- anything that could cause change in B, that is not A

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23
Q

What is random sampling?

A
  • to select participants from population
  • allows you to generalize results
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24
Q

What is random assignment?

A
  • to divide participants into groups
  • controls confounding variables
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25
Q

What are the measures of central tendency?

A

mean, median, and mode

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26
Q

What is mode?

A

the most common number

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27
Q

What is mean?

A

average number

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28
Q

What is median?

A

middle number

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29
Q

What is bimodal distribution?

A

when you have two modes

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30
Q
  • likelihood a result is caused by chance
  • can be no greater than 5% for there to be statistical significance
A

p-value

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31
Q

What are the 6 ethical guidelines?

A
  1. informed consent from participants
  2. confidentiality/anonymity
  3. protection from significant physical/mental harm
  4. no EXTREME deception
  5. debrief on purpose and results
  6. right to withdraw
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32
Q

What do the dendrites do (in a neuron)?

A

receive messages from other cells, passes the message to the cell body

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33
Q

What does the axon do?

A

passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons

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34
Q

What do the terminal branches of the axon do?

A

forms junctions with other cells

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35
Q

What does the myelin sheath do?

A

covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

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36
Q

What is multiple sclerosis caused by?

A

degeneration of the myelin sheath which makes it difficult for neurons to transmit messages

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37
Q

What is the refractory period of a neuron?

A

the recovery period after an action potential; neuron cannot fire again until the refractory period is over

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38
Q

What is the resting potential of a neuron?

A

fluid inside axon is negative charge, fluid outside axon is positive charged, in this state the neuron is polarized

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39
Q

What is the all-or-none law?

A

a neuron will fire, or it won’t (there is not in-between)

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40
Q

What does the axon terminal do?

A

stores neurotransmitters that release and attach to other neurons to send

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41
Q

Where are neurotransmitters stored?

A

stored in sacs called vesicles in the axon’s terminal buttons

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42
Q

What is a reuptake mechanism?

A

once the neighboring neuron receives the message, the neurotransmitters are reabsorbed back into the axon of the sending neuron

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43
Q

What neurotransmitter?
- influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion
- oversupply linked to schizophrenia
- undersupply linked to Parkinson’s disease

A

dopamine

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44
Q

What neurotransmitter?
- affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
- undersupply linked to depression

A

serotonin

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45
Q

What neurotransmitter?
- helps control alertness and arousal
- undersupply can depress mood

A

norepinephrine

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46
Q

What neurotransmitter activates skeletal muscles and carries out voluntary movements and is involved in memory?

A

acetylcholine

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47
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

muscle spasms/loss of motor control

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48
Q

What nervous system?
- the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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49
Q

What nervous system?
- the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

A

peripheral nervous system

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50
Q

What do sensory (afferent) neurons do?
SAME

A

neurons carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

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51
Q

What do motor (efferent) neurons do?
SAME

A

neurons carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

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52
Q

What is responsible for this automatic reflex?

A

central nervous system

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53
Q

What does sympathetic nervous system do?

A

arouses and expends energy

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54
Q

What does parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

calms and conserves energy

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55
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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56
Q

What is the pituitary gland controlled by?

A

hypothalamus

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57
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

promote growth as well as generally managing the rest of the endocrine system

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58
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

produces melatonin, hormone which modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles

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59
Q

What does adrenal glands do?

A

autonomic nervous system gets its orders from the adrenal glands

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60
Q

What is the brainstem responsible for?

A

automatic survival functions aka basic functions

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61
Q

What does the medulla do?

A

controls automatic nervous system functions like heartbeat and breathing

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62
Q

What does reticular formation do?

A

arousal and consciousness

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63
Q

What does the pons do?

A

helps coordinates movement, regulates waking and relaxing

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64
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance

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65
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

takes incoming signals from all senses (except smell) and directs it to the correct higher brain regions that deal with seeing, hearing, tasting, and touching

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66
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

associated with memory, emotions and drives (food/reproductive…old instincts)
- hypothalamus
- amygdala
- hippocampus

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67
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

drinking, eating, body temp, helps govern the ES* via Pituitary Gland, helps keep you at homeostasis, linked to rewards

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68
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

linked to emotion; specifically fear and aggression

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69
Q

What does the hippocampus do?

A

linked to memory, helps store memories

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70
Q

The body’s ultimate control and information-processing center, enables higher level thinking/complex thoughts…basically everything that doesn’t have to do with survival

A

cerebral cortex/cerebrum

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71
Q

What part of the cerebral cortex?
- decision-making, problem-solving
- conscious thought
- attention
- emotional and behavioral control
- speaking
- personality, Phineas Gage
- intelligence
- body movement
- planning

A

frontal lobe

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72
Q

What part of the cerebral cortex?
- visual processing and interpretation

A

occipital lobe

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73
Q

What part of the cerebral cortex?
- sensory information (touch, pressure, pain, vibration, temperature) processing
- math and spatial reasoning

A

parietal lobes

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74
Q

What part of the cerebral cortex?
- language comprehension, speech formation (Wernicke’s area)
- hearing
- memory
- recognizing faces

A

temporal lobes

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75
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

responsible for producing speech (if damaged, person will have broken speech)

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76
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A

responsible for comprehension of speech (if damaged, person will have fluent speech but will make no sense)

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77
Q

What is the corpus collosum?

A

a bundle of nerve fibers that joins the left and right hemispheres of the brain

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78
Q

What sleep stage?
- sleep marked by slow breathing and irregular brain waves (different from the slow alpha waves of a relaxed awake state)
- may experience hallucinations, or the hypnagogic sensation of falling in this stage of sleep

A

NREM 1

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79
Q

What sleep stage?
- periodic sleep spindles, bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity (theta waves)

A

NREM 2

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80
Q

What sleep stage?
- brain emits large slow delta waves associated with deep sleep

A

NREM 3

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81
Q

What sleep stage?
- the recurring state of sleep which vivid dreams commonly occur
- heart rate rises, breathing becomes rapid and irregular

A

REM (rapid eye movement)

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82
Q
A
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83
Q

What sleep disorder?
- recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

A

insomnia

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84
Q

What sleep disorder?
- uncontrollable sleep attacks, sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

A

narcolepsy

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85
Q

What sleep disorder?
- temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

A

sleep apnea

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86
Q

What are lucid dreams?

A

the awareness that one is in a dream, can result in the ability of a person to control aspects of their dream

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87
Q

What type of psychoactive drug?
- alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates

A

depressants

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88
Q

What type of psychoactive drug?
- caffeine, nicotine, methamphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy

A

stimulants

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89
Q

What type of psychoactive drug?
- LSD, THC (marijuana)

A

hallucinogens

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90
Q

can only attend to one or few sensory stimuli fully at a time while ignoring others

A

selective attention

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91
Q

What type of selective inattention?
- failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

A

inattentional blindness

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92
Q

What type of selective inattention?
- failing to notice changes in the environment even when it’s within your field of vision

A

change blindness

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93
Q

What type of selective inattention?
- lack of awareness of our decisions and preferences

A

choice blindness

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94
Q

What is the conversion of one form of energy into another?

A

transduction

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95
Q

Minimum amount of stimulus needed in order for you to experience a sensation (50% 0f the time)

A

absolute threshold

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96
Q

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, predisposing one’s perception, memory or response

A

priming

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97
Q

below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness (flashes of images or words etc), they are there, but we are no consciously aware of them

A

subliminal

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98
Q

just noticeable difference, minimal amount of change needed to detect stimuli

A

difference threshold

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99
Q

Where does light enter through (the eye)?

A

cornea

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100
Q

What focus the incoming rays into an upside down image?

A

lens

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101
Q

What converts light to electrical impulses, which creates images you can see?

A

retina

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102
Q

What does the fovea help with?

A

visual acuity (sharpness)

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103
Q

What are feature detectors?

A

We have specific cells that see the lines, edges, curves and other features

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104
Q

What is the young-Helmholtz-trichromatic theory?

A

These three types of cones can make millions of combinations of colors
RED BLUE GREEN

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105
Q

main binocular cue for perceiving depth

A

retinal disparity

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106
Q

inward turning of your eyes that occurs when you look at an object that is close to you

A

convergence

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107
Q

An illusion of movement when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off on quick succession

A

phi phenomenon

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108
Q

In the ear, where are neural impulses made?

A

cochlea

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109
Q

What is the gate-control theory?

A

The “gate” is opened by activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain

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110
Q

Taste cells are chemical sensitive receptors located in

A

taste bud clusters

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111
Q

Receptors are sensitive to 5 basic taste qualities. What are they?

A

Sweetness
Saltiness
Sourness
Bitterness
Umami

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112
Q

What does olfaction mean?

A

smell

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113
Q

Do olfactory signals pass through the thalamus?

A

no

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114
Q

What does the kinesthetic system do?

A

tell us where our body parts are

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115
Q

What does our vestibular sense do?

A
  • tells us where our body is oriented in space
  • our sense of balance
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116
Q

What is Classical Conditioning (Watson/Pavlov)?

A

learned response occurs involuntarily in anticipation of some stimulus

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117
Q

What is Operant Conditioning (Skinner/Thorndike)?

A

voluntary and goal directed behavior which is shaped and maintained by consequences - repeat the good ones, avoid the bad ones

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118
Q

Who thought of observational learning?

A

Bandura

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119
Q

Father of Behaviorism,” Little Albert Experiment

A

John B. Watson

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120
Q

What 5 terms make up classical conditioning?

A

Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Generalization
Discrimination

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121
Q

What is acquisition (classical conditioning)?

A

the initial stage of learning or conditioning

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122
Q

What is extinction (classical conditioning)?

A

A procedure that leads to gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of conditioned response

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123
Q

What is Spontaneous Recovery (classical conditioning)?

A

Occurs when previously extinguished conditioned repsonse suddenly reappears after a period of training

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124
Q

What is generalization (classical conditioning)?

A

The tendency to respond to stimulus that are similar to a conditioned reponse?

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125
Q

What is discrimination (classical conditioning)?

A

The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned reponse and other irrelevant stimuli

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126
Q

What is the garcia effect?

A

Conditioned taste aversion sometimes occurs when sickness was merely coincidental and not related to the substance that caused the sickness

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127
Q

Classical conditioning =

A

involuntary responses

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128
Q

Operant conditioning =

A

voluntary reponses

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129
Q

2 key contributors to operant conditioning

A

Edward Thorndike and B.F. Skinner

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130
Q

Strengthens a response by presenting a pleasurable stimulus after a response (adds something pleasant)

A

positive reinforcement

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131
Q

Strengthens a response by reducing or removing something negative

A

negative reinforcement

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132
Q

Reinforce the behavior EVERYTIME the behavior is exhibited

A

Continuous

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133
Q

Reinforce the behavior only SOME of the times it is exhibited

A

Partial (Intermittent)

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134
Q

interval =

A

time

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135
Q

ratio =

A

number of responses

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136
Q

fixed =

A

set

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137
Q

variable =

A

random

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138
Q

POSITIVE punishment

A

adding aversive stimulus
- Spanking, parking tickets, spraying dog with water to stop it from barking etc

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139
Q

NEGATIVE punishment

A

removing favorable stimulus
- Time out, revoking driver’s license, take phone away after failing class etc.

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140
Q

reinforcement is to…

A

increase/maintain behavior

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141
Q

punishment is to…

A

decrease behavior

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142
Q

operant conditioning (two words)

A

reinforcement and punishment

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143
Q

Who created observational learning?

A

Bandura

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144
Q

bobo doll experiement (who)

A

Albert Bandura (observational learning)

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145
Q

what is the frustration-aggression principle?

A

aggression is the often a result of frustration

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146
Q

Theory of Mind

A

empathy driven ability to infer another’s mental state

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147
Q

what type of learning?
- Learning in the absence of rewards
- cognitive maps - mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
- Studying rats in mazes (Tolman and Honzik)

A

latent learning

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148
Q

What is Insight Learning

A

Sudden awareness of solution to a problem

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149
Q

Problem-focused coping

A

Alleviate stress directly-change the stresses or the way we interact with that stressor

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150
Q

Emotion-focused coping

A

Alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor, attention to emotional need related to one’s stress reaction

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151
Q

External Locus of Control

A

Perception that chance or outside forces beyond our control determine our fate

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152
Q

(memory) Encoding =

A

getting information into our brain

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153
Q

Storage (memory) =

A

retain that information

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154
Q

Retrieval (memory) =

A

get the information back out

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155
Q

what is sensory memory

A

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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156
Q

What is an iconic memory?

A

a brief visual memory (1 sec)

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157
Q

what is an echoic memory?

A

a brief auditory memory (4 sec)

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158
Q

Who created the “Magic 7”?
- We can hold 7 (+/- 2) items
- 20 seconds

A

George Miller

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159
Q

Working memory

A
  • updated understanding of short-term memory
    trying to remember a phone number while a toddler is shouting for attention, or trying to remember a shopping list when you bump into an old friend. Children use working memory in the classroom
160
Q

The brain’s ability to attend to two different stimuli at the same time

A

divided attention

161
Q

Semantic Encoding

A

Thinking about the meaning of a word or element to better remember it

162
Q

What are Implicit Memories

A

Retaining information unconsciously
- done through automatic processing
- encodes info such as: space (location of items), time, frequency (how many times things happen)

163
Q

Explicit Memories

A

Memory of facts & experiences one can consciously know and declare (declarative memory)
- effortful processing- this requires attention and conscious effort

164
Q

what are the two types of explicit memories?

A

Episodic (events) - Memories are personally experienced
Semantic (Facts) - General factual knowledge

165
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

Repeating information in order to memorize it

166
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

Memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered v. Maintenance Rehearsal where you repeat over and over

167
Q

3 Effortful Processing Strategies

A

Chunking: organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs automatically
Mnemonics: memory aids (ex: learning cardinal directions; never eat soggy waffles)
Hierarchies: when we organize words or concepts into hierarchical groups.

168
Q

Spacing Effect:

A

the tendency of spacing out study or practice sessions yield better long term retention than cramming

169
Q

Testing Effect

A

the act of repeated self-testing rather than simply rereading information

170
Q

Method of Loci

A

Memory enhancement strategy, uses visuals of familiar environments in order to enhance the recall of information

171
Q

Self-reference effect

A

When you apply a situation to yourself- more likely to remember it

172
Q

what two things in the brain are apart of the Explicit Memory System

A

Frontal Lobes & Hippocampus

173
Q

what two things in the brain are apart of the Implicit Memory System

A

Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia

174
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

A vivid memory of an emotionally significant moment of event

175
Q

Long-Term Potentiation

A

an increase in the cell’s firing potential after brief rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

176
Q

Context-Dependent Memory

A

We retrieve a memory more easily when we learn that memory in the same context as when we formed the memory

177
Q

State Dependent Memory

A

What we learn in one state may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state.

178
Q

Mood congruent memory

A

Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
- It’s the holiday season- you’re feeling happy and relaxed. That mood by itself can evoke other memories of holidays, fun times, family get-togethers, etc…

179
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

Our tendency to recall the last items (a recency effect) and first items (a primacy effect) in a list.

180
Q

“Tip of the Tongue”
Phenomenon

A

Information in long-term memory that can’t be easily recalled

181
Q

proactive interference

A

Old memories disrupt the retrieval of new memories

182
Q

retroactive interference

A

Backward acting, new memories disrupt the retrieval and maintenance of old memories

183
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

you can’t form new memories

184
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

you forget what happened in the past

185
Q

Repression (unconsciously) - memory

A

A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

186
Q

Drug-Induced Amnesia

A

Amnesia caused by drugs

187
Q

Source Amnesia

A

the inability to recall where, when or how you learned previously acquired information

188
Q

Metacognition

A

awareness of and ability to regulate one’s own thinking

189
Q

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people.

A

concepts

190
Q

What is a Schemas?

A

a pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them

191
Q

Convergent thinking

A

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

192
Q

divergent thinking

A

expands the number of possible problem solutions, creative thinking that diverges in a different direction

193
Q

Representativeness Heuristics

A

judging the likelihood of things based on how well they seem to represent, or match a particular prototype

194
Q

Availability Heuristics

A

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

195
Q

Sunk-Cost Fallacy

A

our tendency to continue to pursue something that we have already committed to in terms of investing money, time or effort into it, even if those costs are not recoverable
- “this game is trash, but i spent money on it, so i am going to keep playing”

196
Q
  • The tendency to be more confident than correct
  • To overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements
  • Heuristics often lead us to be overconfident
A

Overconfidence

197
Q

bias in which people seek out and recall information that supports their preconceived beliefs

A

Confirmation Bias

198
Q

the tendency that people have to judge things based not upon sound logic, but upon already held beliefs

A

Belief Bias

199
Q

when a person holds to a belief or set of beliefs even when confronted with contrary evidence

A

Belief Perseverance

200
Q

Our tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Can be an obstacle to our problem solving abilities → just because it worked for you once doesn’t mean it will again!

A

mental sets

201
Q

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective

A

fixation

202
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

Seeing a tool as only have one function

203
Q

what is framing

A

The way we present an issue, question, or topic sways our decisions and judgements
- 20% fat frozen yogurt
- 80% fat-free frozen yogurt

204
Q

the beginning of baby’s language development where they can understand what is said to and about them

A

Receptive language

205
Q

Productive Language

A

Babies ability to produce words- includes various stages (babbling, One-word stage,Two-word stage)

206
Q

Cryptophasia or idioglossia

A

secret twin language

207
Q

Who said that Learning language must be an inborn/innate as we have a built in predisposition to learn grammar rules (nativist theory)?

A

Noam Chomsky

208
Q

Who said If they are reinforced they keep saying the word.
If they are punished, they stop saying the word.
Baby may imitate a parent.
Social Learning Theory

A

B.F. Skinner

209
Q

Sapir-Whorf’s Linguistic Determinism Hypothesis (Linguistic relativity)

A

The idea that the language we use determines the way we think.
Limitations on vocabulary can create limitations on how people see the world

210
Q

Charles Spearman’s General Intelligence Theory

A
  • Believed we had ONE general Intelligence
  • Used factor analysis and discovered that what we see as many different skills is actually one
211
Q

who created the 7 Primary Mental Abilities

A

L.L Thurstone

212
Q

what is Savant syndrome

A

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill

213
Q

who has the Theory of Multiple Intelligences

A

Howard Gardner

214
Q

who created the Triarchic (Three Intelligences)

A

Robert Sternberg
- Analytical Intelligence
- Creative Intelligences
- Practical Intelligences

215
Q

Five components of emotional intelligence at work, as developed by Daniel Goleman (list 5)

A
  • self-awareness
  • self-regulation
  • motivation
  • empathy
  • social skills
216
Q

What type of intelligence?
- Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tend to increase with age

A

Crystallized Intelligence

217
Q

What type of intelligence?
Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly, problem-solve, deal with novelty tends to decrease during late adulthood

A

Fluid intelligence

218
Q

Who created this:
mental age: level of performance typically associated with a certain chronological age

A

Alfred Binet

219
Q
  • Believed genius was inherited
  • `First to apply statistical methods to the study of human differences
A

Francis Galton

220
Q

The Flynn Effect

A

Performance on IQ scores has steadily increased over generations

221
Q

_________ is the measurement of mental traits, abilities, and processes

A

Psychometrics

222
Q

___________ is the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

A

validity

223
Q

_______ is a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

A

stereotype threat

224
Q

Threshold of Viability

A

Ability for baby to survive at premature birth

225
Q

Teratogens

A

Viruses/bacteria
Mumps/measles/rubella(MMR), chicken pox, AIDS, syphilis, influenza
Toxoplasmosis, Zika

226
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Collection of congenital (inborn) problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy

227
Q

Neurogenesis

A

the growth of neurons

228
Q

one must learn to crawl before walk

A

maturation

229
Q

who were the two stage theorists?
- These psychologists believe that we travel from stage to stage throughout our lifetimes

A

Sigmund Freud
Jean Piaget

230
Q

who created the Psychosexual Stages of Development?
- We all have a libido (sexual drive)
- Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital

A

Sigmund Freud

231
Q

If conflicts are unresolved in any one of these stages, the person will develop a __________

A

fixation

232
Q

What are Piaget’s important contributions?

A

Schemas
Assimilate
Accommodation

233
Q

What are schemas (Piaget)?

A

frameworks (concepts) in which the mind organizes and interprets information

234
Q

What is assimilate?

A

you add new examples into an already existing schema

235
Q

What is accommodation?

A

change your schema

236
Q

What are Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development (four)?
- include ages

A

1) Sensorimotor period (birth to 2 years)
2) Preoperational period (2 to 7 years)
3) Concrete operational period (7 to 11 years)
4) formal operational period (11 through adulthood)

237
Q

What stage of Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development?
- Experience the world through their senses. Walking, putting stuff in their mouths.
- Lack object permanence up until 8 or 9 mths.

A

Sensorimotor period

238
Q

What stage of Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development?
- Make believe feels real (they don’t wonder how Santa visits all those houses in one night)
- Animism
- Egocentrism develops and they are unable to understand theory of mind

A

Preoperational

239
Q

What stage of Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development?
- Children can think logically
- Conservation and reversibility develop
- Rewards and punishments are understood (but not truth and justice)

A

Concrete Operational

240
Q

What stage of Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development?
- Abstract and systematic reasoning develops
- Ability for mature moral reasoning occurs
- They can solve for x (an unknown) and understand what that means

A

Formal Operational

241
Q

Information-Processing theory says children do not learn in stages but rather a ________________________

A

gradual continuous growth

242
Q

Who created the Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development?

A

Lev Vygotsky

243
Q

Who believed children acquire their cultural values, beliefs, and problem-solving strategies through collaborative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society?

A

Lev Vygotsky

244
Q

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

A

Temperament

245
Q

Who discovered imprinting?
- studied how infant ducks follow the first animal that they see after hatching

A

Konrad Lorenz

246
Q

Who said that infants bond with surrogate mothers because of bodily contact and not because of nourishment?
- monkey experiement

A

Harry Harlow

247
Q

Who did the Strange Situation Test?
- social development in childhood
Secure, Insecure/ambivalent, Avoidant & Disorganized attatchment

A

Mary Ainsworth

248
Q

What type of attachment?
- distress when mother leaves, calmed when mother returns (REUNION)

A

secure

249
Q

What type of attachment?
- baby cries uncontrollably, can’t be comforted upon mother returning

A

Insecure/ambivalent

250
Q

What type of attachment?
- tend to avoid parent/caregiver, show no preference to them or stranger, may be result of abuse or neglect

A

avoidant

251
Q

What type of attachment?
- disoriented or confused interaction with parent/caregiver, may reflect inconsistent care

A

disorganized

252
Q

Who created the parenting styles and what are they?

A

Diana Baumrind
Authoritarian: parents impose rules and expect obedience
Permissive: parents submit to their child’s desires
Authoritative: parents are both demanding and responsive

253
Q

what is the best parenting style

A

authoritative

254
Q

oversimplified beliefs about characteristics that all men and women are presumed to have

A

gender stereotypes

255
Q

a set of expected behaviors for males or for females

A

gender roles

256
Q

our sense of being male, female, both or neither

A

gender identity

257
Q

Who created the Stages of Psychosocial Development?

A

Erik Erikson

258
Q

Stage 1 of Psychosocial Development
- Erik Erikson

A

trust vs mistrust

259
Q

Stage 2 of Psychosocial Development
- Erik Erikson

A

autonomy vs shame and doubt

260
Q

Stage 3 of Psychosocial Development
- Erik Erikson

A

initiative vs guilt

261
Q

Stage 4 of Psychosocial Development
- Erik Erikson

A

industry vs inferority

262
Q

Stage 5 of Psychosocial Development
- Erik Erikson

A

identity vs confustion

263
Q

Stage 6 of Psychosocial Development
- Erik Erikson

A

intimacy vs isolation

264
Q

Stage 7 of Psychosocial Development
- Erik Erikson

A

generativity vs self-absorbtion

265
Q

Stage 8 of Psychosocial Development
- Erik Erikson

A

integrity vs despair

266
Q

Who created the Theory of Moral Development?

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

267
Q

What is Lawrence Kohlberg’s preconventional stage?

A

punishment orientation and naive reward orientation

268
Q

What is Lawrence Kohlberg’s conventional level?

A

good boy/girl orientation and authority orientation

269
Q

What is Lawrence Kohlberg’s postconventional level?

A

social contract orientation and individual principles and conscience orientation

270
Q

Who criticized Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory because of gender bias (he only tested boys)?

A

Carol Gilligan

271
Q

Climacteric Phase

A

2-3 year period where the body readjusts to post-fertile time

272
Q

Who created the Death and Dying (5 Stages of Grief)

A

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

273
Q

What are the 5 stages of grief in order?

A

Denial: It won’t really happen”
Anger: Why Me!!?
Bargaining: “I promise I’ll go to church/mosque/synagogue”
Depression: sadness
Acceptance: a peaceful understanding

274
Q

What motivation theory?
- Motivated by our inborn automated behaviors- not external, not learned
- dog shaking after it gets wet
- sea turtle heading to the ocean after hatching

A

Instinct & Evolutionary Theory

275
Q

What motivation theory?
- The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
- we want to stay at homeostasis

A

Hull’s Drive Reduction Theory

276
Q

What is a morpheme

A

the smallest unit of language that carries meaning

277
Q

Who is regarded as the father of cognitive therapy?

A

Aaron Beck

278
Q

What types of disorders have salts of lithium been used to treat?

A

bipolar disorders

279
Q

What are the 6 types of Anxiety Disorders?

A

General Anxiety Disorder
Panic Disorder
Phobia
Agoraphobia
Social Anxiety Disorder
Mutism

280
Q

Tendency to attribute others’ behaviors to dispositional causes and our own to situational causes.

A

Fundamental Attribution Error

281
Q

Which personality disorder is characterized by attention-seeking behavior and extreme emotionality?

A

histronic

282
Q

Who proposed the law of effect?

A

Edward Thorndike

283
Q

Self- Serving Bias

A

People’s tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors.

284
Q

False Consensus Effect

A

Tendency for people to believe their own values and ideas are “normal” and that the majority of people share these same opinions

285
Q

Just World Phenomenon

A

Tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve.

286
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A

nomenon of someone “predicting” or expecting something, and this “prediction” or expectation coming true simply because the person believes it will and the person’s resulting behaviors align to fulfill the belief

287
Q

what route of persuasion?
direct approach
uses evidence and logic
point to superior quality of product
use statistics to support your case

A

central route

288
Q

what route of persuasion?
indirect approach
uses a positive association
status, good feelings, sex, self-image

A

peripheral route

289
Q

Tendency to comply with larger request after we have complied with a smaller one.

A

foot in the door

290
Q

Tendency to comply with smaller requests after we’ve complied with a much larger favor

A

door in the face

291
Q

who discovered Cognitive Dissonance

A

Leon Festinger

292
Q

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

A

conformity

293
Q

normative social influence

A

To avoid rejection or gain social approval (social norms)

294
Q

informational social influence

A

We want to believe whatever our group believes, so we accept others opinions

295
Q

who did an experiment of Blind Obedience?

A

Stanley Milgram

296
Q

whose experiment was in which people obeyed orders even when they thought they were harming another person

A

Stanley milgram

297
Q

groupthink

A

Tendency to make bad decisions because of the illusion that the plan of action is a good one and is supported by all members of a group; there is then a lack of offered contradictory ideas to keep group feeling good

298
Q

Social Facilitation

A

presence of others improves individual task performance.

299
Q

Social inhibition

A

refers to the inability of people to perform complex or unfamiliar tasks in the presence of observers or competitors

300
Q

Given a task in a group without individual accountability, people exert less effort

A

social loafing

301
Q

Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint as a result of participation in a large group

A

Deindividuation

302
Q

The tendency for people to hold even more extreme views on a topic after a group discussion of like-minded people

A

Group Polarization

303
Q

who did the 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment

A

Dr. Philip Zimbardo

304
Q

who said “If sanity and insanity exist….“how shall we know them?”

A

David Rosenhan

305
Q

who did the experiment of putting sane people in an insane hospital

A

David Rosenhan

306
Q

Prejudice is a negative ___________

A

attitude

307
Q

Discrimination is a negative __________

A

behavior

308
Q

in-group bias

A

favoring one’s own group

309
Q

The observation that, when bad things happen, prejudice offers an outlet for anger by finding someone to blame.

A

Scapegoat Theory

310
Q

Vivid Cases

A

example: 911

311
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

Merely seeing someone’s face and name makes them more likeable.

312
Q

Reciprocal Liking

A

we tend to like those who like us back

313
Q

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

A

Passionate love

314
Q

deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

A

Companionate love-

315
Q

is the unselfish concern for the welfare of others

A

Altruism

316
Q

our social behavior is an exchange process, which we maximize benefits and minimize costs.

A

Social Exchange Theory

317
Q

social convention that compels people to return a favor when someone has helped them.

A

Reciprocity norms

318
Q

A type of response bias that is the tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others

A

Social Desirability Bias

319
Q

Optimal Arousal Theory

A

Optimal arousal theory holds that human motivation aims not to eliminate arousal but seek optimal levels of arousal

320
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.

321
Q

our reward system’s main neurotransmitter

A

Dopamine

322
Q

what are the five things on maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

self-actualization
esteem
love and belonging
safety needs
physiological needs

323
Q

what part of the brain makes you hungry or full

A

Hypothalamus

324
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

stimulation brings on hunger

325
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus

A

stimulation suppresses hunger

326
Q

What appetite hormone?
controls blood glucose

A

Insulin

327
Q

Hunger-triggering hormone from hypothalamus

A

Orexin

328
Q

Empty stomach hormone

A

Ghrelin

329
Q

Protein secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes increase in metabolism and decrease in hunger

A

Leptin

330
Q

Digestive tract hormone; sends “I’m not hungry” signals to the brain

A

Peptide YY

331
Q

GULP down =

A

NOT hungry
glucose
leptin
peptide YY

332
Q

I GO up =

A

im hungry
insulin
ghrelin
orexin

333
Q

Starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight.
See themselves as fat. Type of body dysmorphia.
Vast majority are women.

A

Anorexia Nervosa

334
Q

Characterized by binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food

A

Bulimia Nervosa

335
Q

who studied the Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female

A

Alfred Kinsey

336
Q

Intrinsic Motivators

A

motivated to perform an activity for its own sake and personal rewards

337
Q

Phenomenon in which being rewarded for doing something actually diminishes intrinsic motivation to perform that action.

A

Overjustification Effect

338
Q

What emotion theory?
- Emotions arise from our awareness of our specific bodily responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
- Physiological Response -> Emotion
- I hear a sound in the woods (stimulus), I observe my heart racing (arousal) and become afraid (emotion)

A

James-Lange Theory

339
Q

What emotion theory?
- Emotion-arousing stimuli trigger our bodily responses and simultaneous subjective experience.
- I hear a rustling in the woods (stimulus) My heart races (arousal) at the same time that I become afraid (emotion)- happening simultaneously, but independent of one another, not one causing the other

A

Cannon-Bard

340
Q

What emotion theory?
that to experience emotion one must
(1) be physically aroused and
(2) cognitively label the arousal

A

Two-factor theory (the Schachter-Singer theory)

341
Q

What emotion theory?
- Our emotional reactions are separate from our cognitive label on the situation
- Physiological reaction first→ cognition after

A

Zajonc-LeDoux Theory

342
Q

What emotion theory?
Immediate unconscious interpretation of events that leads to labeling of emotion & physiological response

A

Lazarus

343
Q

Who said that Facial expressions for various expressions are universal

A

Paul Ekman

344
Q

Facial Feedback Effect hypothesis

A

suggests that an individual’s emotional experience is influenced by their facial expressions. I smile, so I feel happy/friendly

345
Q

the process of releasing strong or repressed emotions

A

Catharsis

346
Q

Opponent Process Theory of Emotion

A

When you feel one emotion, you will feel the opposite feeling when resolved
- Fear of public speaking, feeling elated after

347
Q

Spillover Effect

A

The tendency for our emotion to affect the emotions of those around us, or ‘spill over’ into another event

348
Q

who created General Adaptation Syndrome
1) alarm
2)resistance
3) exhaustion

A

Hans Selye

349
Q

Who used the Free Association method?

A

Freud

350
Q

Who Believed the mind was mostly hidden/

A

psychoanalytics FREUD

351
Q

What are Freud’s Three Parts of the Personality ?
and what do they mean

A

ID - pleasure principle
EGO - reality principle
SUPEREGO - moral imperatives

352
Q

Oedipus Complex:

A

boy wants mom🡪dad is competition🡪be like dad

353
Q

Electra Complex

A

girl’s psychosexual competition with her mother for possession of her father

354
Q

What defense mechanism?
- Banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts from consciousness
- Seen thru dreams and slips of the tongue
- main one

A

repression

355
Q

What defense mechanism enables all other defense mechanisms?

A

repression

356
Q

What defense mechanism?
- When faced with anxiety, retreats to infantile stage
- Homesick from camp/college

A

regression

357
Q

What defense mechanism?
- Ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into opposites
- I hate him/her because I love him/her

A

reaction formation

358
Q

What defense mechanism?
- Disguise your own threatening impulse
- She or he doesn’t trust me = I don’t trust myself

A

projection

359
Q

What defense mechanism?
- Self-justifying actions
- “Social drinkers”, “everyone cheats on tests”

A

rationalization

360
Q

What defense mechanism?
- Shifts sexual or aggressive impulses towards a less threatening object
- Mad at parents..take it out on dog :( (or siblings)

A

displacement

361
Q

What defense mechanism?
- Refusal to accept reality b/c it would produce unbearable anxiety

A

denial

362
Q

What defense mechanism?
- Re-channel unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities
- Aggression into workout programs, expressive art of warfare…

A

sublimation

363
Q

Personality tests designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli , presumably revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts projected by the person into the test.

A

Projective tests

364
Q

Type of projective test that involves describing ambiguous scenes

A

TAT

365
Q

Who Believed the goal of personality development was to become individuated to realize the self
- personal unconscious - Repressed thoughts, memories, emotions
- collective unconscious - ideas/thoughts/images we ALL share as humans

A

Carl Jung

366
Q

claims that the order in which a child is born shapes their development and personality
ALFRED ADLER

A

Birth Order Theory

367
Q

humans are motivated by goals they set for themselves, rather than their past childhood experiences
ALFRED ADLER

A

Fictional Finalism

368
Q

she suggested that men experience “womb envy” because they are unable to bear children
- criticized Freud

A

Karen Horney

369
Q

who are the two humanistic psychologists

A

Carl Rogers and Maslow

370
Q

who believed in unconditional positive regard

A

Carl Rogers

371
Q

emphasized the uniqueness of the individual and the internal cognitive and motivational processes that influence behavior
- trait theory
believes that personality is biologically determined at birth, and shaped by a person’s environmental experience
PERSON

A

Gordon Allport

372
Q

Who made the 16 Personality Factors Theory

A

Raymond Cattell

373
Q

who made the The Big 5 Model

A

Costa & McCrae

374
Q

what are the five things on the Big 5 Model that Costa & McCrae made?

A

conscientious, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion

375
Q

what are the three factors of Reciprocal Determinism that Bandura made?

A

behavior –> environment –> person –>

376
Q

who created the Expectancy Theory?
- person’s decision to engage in a behavior is determined by 1) what the person expects to happen

A

Julian Rotter

377
Q

our sense of competence/belief in ability to succeed in specific situations or on tasks

A

Self-Efficacy

378
Q

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

A

lobotomy

379
Q

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias

A

systematic desensitization

380
Q

symptoms without an apparent physical cause

A

Somatic Symptom Disorder

381
Q

Illness Anxiety Disorder

A

Interprets normal physical sensations & symptoms of a disease

382
Q

Anxiety converted into a physical symptom

A

Conversion Disorder

383
Q

What cluster of personality disorders?
eccentric or odd behaviors

A

A

384
Q

What cluster of personality disorders?
dramatic or impulsive behaviors

A

B

385
Q

What cluster of personality disorders?
anxiety; fearful thinking

A

C

386
Q

What personality disorder?
- suffer from paranoia
- unrelenting mistrust and suspicion of others, even when there is no reason to be suspicious.

A

Paranoid Personality Disorder

387
Q

What personality disorder?
- Pattern of detachment from social relationships
- Restricted range of emotional expression

A

Schizoid Personality Disorder

388
Q

What personality disorder?
- Being a loner and lacking close friends outside of the immediate family
- Peculiar, eccentric or unusual thinking, beliefs or mannerisms
- Belief in special powers, such as mental telepathy or superstitions

A

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

389
Q

What personality disorder?
- Pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others
- Person may be aggressive and/or ruthless.
- Deceiving or conning others
- Aggressive sexually with no remorse.
- Psychopaths, serial killers, sociopaths

A

Antisocial Personality disorder

390
Q

What personality disorder?
- Pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, marked impulsivity

A

borderline personality disorder

391
Q

What personality disorder?
- Pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking

A

histrionic

392
Q

What personality disorder?
- an inflated sense of their own importance, a deep need for excessive attention and admiration, troubled relationships, and a lack of empathy for others

A

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

393
Q

What personality disorder?
- Pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

394
Q

What personality disorder?
- Pattern of submissive and clinging behavior, excessive need to be taken care of

A

Dependent Personality disorder

395
Q
A

AP Psychology (3 decks)

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