Unit 1 Practice Flashcards
Understand the basics of the human body
Define anatomy
Anatomy is defined as the study of structure and the relationships among structures.
Describe the different levels of organization in the human body
- chemical level includes atoms—the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions—and molecules, which are two or more atoms joined together.
- Cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism.
- Tissues are groups of similar cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.
- Organs are structures that usually have a definite form that are composed of 2 or more types of tissues and have specific functions
- Systems consist of related organs that have a common function.
- The human organism is a collection of structurally and functionally integrated systems.
List and describe the major body systems, and state the general function of each. (think MURDERS LINC)
The systems of the human body are;
integumentary - protects the body, helps regulate body temp
skeletal, - supports and protects the body
muscular, - moves the body, holds posture
nervous, - regulates body activities through nerve impulses by detecting changes in the environment
endocrine, - regulates body activities though hormones transported by the blood
cardiovascular, - carries oxygen and nutrition throughout the body , and eliminates carbon dioxide
lymphatic, - returns proteins and fluid to the blood
respiratory, - transfers oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhale air
digestive, - physical and chemical breakdown of food
urinary, - produces stores, and eliminate urine.
reproductive - gonads produce gametes that untie to form a new organism
List and describe the major characteristics of life (life processes)
All living things have certain characteristics that distinguish them from nonliving things. There are 6 discernible life processes of humans, which include; metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction.
-Metabolism is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body, including catabolism and anabolism.
Responsiveness is the ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment.
Movement includes the motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even organelles inside the cells.
Growth refers to an increase in size, due to an increase in the number of cells, size of the existing cells, or amount of material surrounding the cell
Differentiation is the change in a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state.
Reproduction refers either to the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement; or the production of a new individual.
Define homeostasis, and explain its importance to survival
Homeostasis is the ability to keep the body at a relatively stable condition within its internal environment, regardless of changes inside or outside of the body.
Homeostasis is regulated by the nervous system and endocrine system, acting together or independently.
The nervous system detects changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract a disruption.
The endocrine system regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones.
Nerve impulses cause rapid changes, whereas hormones usually work more slowly.
Define a feedback system, and list the component parts of a feedback loop
A feedback system is a cycle of events through which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back (reported) to a central control region.
Any disruption that changes a controlled condition is called a stimulus. A feedback system consists of the three following basic components:
A receptor that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input as nerve impulses or chemical signals to a control center
The control centre that sets the range of values for the maintenance of a controlled condition, evaluates the input received from the receptors, and generates output commands when needed
An effector (a body structure) that receives output from the control centre and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
Define, explain, and give examples of positive and negative feedback loops.
If a response reverses a change in a controlled condition, a system is operating by negative feedback, for example, the homeostasis of blood pressure (BP).
A positive feedback system responds by enhancing or intensifying the stimulus. For example when giving birth to a child.
Define disease, symptom, and sign, and relate each to homeostatic imbalance
If 1 or more components of the body lose their ability to contribute to homeostasis the normal balance among the bodies processes may be disrupted. If the disruption is mild we get a disorder or disease. If it’s severe it may lead to death.
A Disorder is a general term for any abnormality of structure and/or function
Disease is a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.
Specific diseases alter body structure and function in characteristic ways usually producing a recognizable set of symptoms and signs.
Symptoms are subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer, for example, headache, nausea, or anxiety.
Signs are objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure, for example, fever or rash, bleeding, swelling, vomiting, diarrhea.
Describe the anatomical position by using the descriptive and directional terms that refer to body structures, surfaces, and regions
The anatomical position is a standardized method for observing or imaging the body, which allows precise and consistent anatomical references.
In the anatomical position, the subject stands erect facing the observer; her/his upper extremities (arms) are placed at their side; the palms of their hands are turned forward; and their feet are flat on the floor.
Identify the planes of reference used to depict the structural arrangement of the human body
Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body or organs into definite areas.
The principal planes include the midsagittal (medial) and parasagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse (cross-sectional or horizontal), and oblique.
Sections are the flat surfaces that are created by cutting through body structures. These sections are named according to the plane on which the cut is made, for example, transverse, frontal, and midsagittal.
Identify the body cavities and list the organs found within each
Body cavities are spaces within the body that help to protect, separate, and support the internal organs.
Dorsal Body Cavity
The dorsal body cavity is located near the dorsal surface of the body; it has two subdivisions—the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal.
The cranial cavity is formed by the cranial bones, which surround and protect the brain.
The vertebral (spinal) canal is formed by the bones of the vertebral column, which surround and protect the spinal cord.
Ventral Body Cavity
The diaphragm subdivides the ventral cavity into an upper thoracic cavity and a lower abdominopelvic cavity.
The thoracic cavity contains two pleural cavities and the mediastinum, which includes the pericardial cavity.
The pleural cavities enclose the lungs, and the pericardial cavity surrounds the heart.
The mediastinum is a broad, median partition between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column. It contains everything in the thoracic cavity except the lungs.
The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into a superior abdominal and an inferior pelvic cavity
Name the Adominopelvic Regions and Quadrants.
Give an example of the orgains in the area.
There are 2 types of region definition. 9-region designation, which is used for Anatomical studies and the 4 quadrant method, mostly used for a pain indicator as well as mass and abnormally spotting.
The 9 regions are Right Hypochondriac - liver Epigastic - Stomach, Liver, Gallbladder, transverse colon Left Hypochondriac - Spleen, stomach, portion of colon Right Lumbar - ascending colon umbillical - small intestine left lumber - decending colon right inguinal - cecium, appendix hypogastic - colon, urinary bladder left inguinal - portion of colon
What are the directional terms? And what are the most important ones to remember
Directional terms are used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another, and to reduce the length of explanations about these relationships. Commonly used directional terms are dorsal, superior, medial, ventral, inferior, lateral, and proximal.
Define Physiology
Physiology is the study of how body structures function.
What are the 4 quadrants of the abdominal region what what this is used for?
Right Upper Quadrant Right Lower Quadrant Left Upper Quadrant Left Lower Quadrant Known as quadrant designation is used to location the site of pain, a mass, or some other abnormality.
