Joints Flashcards
Define Articulation
- Joint is another name for Articulation
- An Articulation (joint) is the point of contact btw
- bones
- cartilage and bones
- teeth and bones
Discuss the 2 major classification systems of joints?
- Structural Classification system is based on the atomical characteristics has two criteria;
- synovial cavity space or lack of space between 2 bones
- type of connective tissue holding bones together
- 3 types of joint classifications
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
- Functional Classification system based on the type of movement the joint allows there are 3 types of joint classifications
- Synarthrosis
- Amphiarthrosis
- Diarthrosis
Define Kinesiology
The study of how the body moves
Define Arthrology
The study of joints
What factors determine the movements at a joint?
- The shape of the bones that articulate
- the tension at the ligaments
- the amount of tension between muscle and tendons.
- the hormones circulating through your body
Compare and contrast the terms of synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis.
- Synarthroses means no movement happens at the joint
- Amphiarthrosis means there is a little movement at the joint
- Diarthrosis means the joint moves freely
- all are synovial joints
- have many shapes which offers different types of movements
Compare and contrast the terms of Fibrous, Cartilaginous and Synovial Joints
- Fibrous Joints
- have no synovial cavity
- bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue rich in collagen fibres
- Cartilaginous Joints
- Have no synovial cavity
- bones held together by cartilage
- Synovial Joints
- Bones that form the joint have synovial cavity
- bones held together by
- Dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule
- Accessory ligaments
Name the three types of fibrous joints, and give an example of each.
- Syndesmosis
- Found in the Distal Tibiofibular Joint
- Amphiarthrosis
- Found in Gomphosis (dentoalveolar joint) Roots of teeth and the sockets (alveoli)
- Synarthrosis
- Found in the Distal Tibiofibular Joint
- Suture
- Found in the skull Frontal and Parietal bones
- Amphiarthrosis in children and infants
- Synarthrosis in adults
- Found in the skull Frontal and Parietal bones
- Interosseous Membrane
- Found in Radius and Ulna joint (forearm)
- Found in Tibia and Fibula joint (leg)
- Amphiarthrosis
Name the three types of cartilaginous joints and describe them.
- Synchondrosis
- binds joints with hyaline cartilage
- found btw 1st rib and manubrium of the sternum
- can be amphiarthrosis or synarthrosis
- Symphysis
- Ends of articular bones covered in hyaline cartilage and connect to a broad flat disk of fibrocartilage
- Found in the midline of the body
- Pubic Symphysis at the anterior surface of the hip bones
- amphiarthrosis
- Found at the intervertebral joints btw vertebrae
- amphiarthrosis
- Found at junction of the manubrium and body of the sternum
- amphiarthrosis
- Epiphyseal Cartilage
- growth centers during endochondral bone formation
- found in the epiphyseal plate that connects epiphysis with the diaphysis of long bone
- synarthrosis
- when the epiphyseal plate stops growing becomes synostosis as hyaline cartilage replaces the epiphyseal cartilage
Describe cartilaginous joints
- little to no movement
- articulating bone are tightly connected by
- hyaline cartilage
- fibrocartilage
- There are 3 types of cartilaginous joints
- synchondroses
- symphyses
- epiphyseal cartilage
Describe a typical synovial joint.
- Synovial Cavity is the most important aspect
- Each bone is covered in Articular Cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
- Within the Synovial cavity is a substance called Synovial Fluid
- Surrounding the synovial cavity are the articular capsules which are on each side of the articulating bones.
- The articular capsule has 2 layers
- Fibrous Membrane (outside)
- made up of dense irregular CT w mostly collagen fibres
- attaches to the periosteum of articulating bones
- Known as ligaments as they are in bundles
- Synovial Membrane (inside)
- Made up of areolar CT w elastic fibres
- has accumulations of adipose tissue called articular fat pads
- Fibrous Membrane (outside)
List the types of movements allowed by synovial joints, and give examples of each.
- Gliding
- bones move side to side or back in forth in relation to one another
- Found btw the clavicle and the acromion of the scapula
- Angular Movements
- an increase or decrease in the angle btw articulating bones
- Motions such as flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, extension and hyperextension.
- Found when bending head towards chest
- Rotation
- Bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
- Found when turning head side to side saying “no”
- Special Movements
- Include elevation, depression, protraction, retraction inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, pronation, supination.
- Found when moving the foot up and down.
Describe the six subtypes of synovial joints.
There are 6 subcategories of synovial joints
- Plane Joint - flat or slightly curved
- move back and forth or side to side
- Biaxial Joint
- may also rotate
- Triaxial Joint
- move back and forth or side to side
- Hinge Joint
- Convex shaped bone fits into a concave bone
- allow flexion and extension
- uniaxial
- Pivot Joints
- rounded or pointed bone fits into a ring formed of bone and ligament
- uniaxial
- rounded or pointed bone fits into a ring formed of bone and ligament
- Condyloid Joints
- convex oval-shaped bone its into a concave oval-shaped depression of another bone
- biaxial
- convex oval-shaped bone its into a concave oval-shaped depression of another bone
- Saddle Joints
- saddle-shaped bone fits into the saddle shape
- biaxial
- saddle-shaped bone fits into the saddle shape
- Ball and Socket Joints
- ball-shaped bone fits into a cup-shaped depression of another bone
- triaxial
- ball-shaped bone fits into a cup-shaped depression of another bone
List the special movements that can occur at some joints.
- Elevation
- Depression
- Protraction
- Retraction
- Inversion
- Eversion
- Dori-flexion
- Plantar-flexion
- Supination
- Pronation
- Opposition
Describe the structure and function of the knee joint
Structure:
- Articular capsule - muscle tendons strengthen it
- patellar ligament - extends from the patella to the tibia and strengthens the anterior surface of the knee
- oblique popliteal ligament - strengthens the posterior surface of the joint
- arcuate popliteal ligament - strengthens the lower lateral part of the posterior surface of the joint
- tibial collateral ligament - strengthens the medial aspect of the joint
- fibular collateral ligament - strengthens the lateral aspect of the joint
- anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) - extends posteriorly and laterally from the tibia to the femur. Prevents anterior sliding of the tibia on the femur and limits hyperextension
- posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) - extends anteriorly and medially from the tibia to the femur. Prevents posterior sliding of the tibia on the femur
- menisci - fibrocartilage discs btw the tibial and femoral condyles. Helps compensate for the irregular bone shapes. 2 menisci of the knee, medial and lateral
- these are connected to one another by the transverse ligament of the knee.
- bursae - saclike structure filled with fluid which reduces friction.
What is articular cartilage?
Articular cartilage is the hyaline cartilage that covers the articulating surfaces of the bones in a synovial joint.
(Page 159)
What are articular disks? What is their function?
Articular disks (menisci) are pads of fibrocartilage found in some synovial joints. They function to stabilize the joint.
(Pages 160–161)
Name and briefly describe the functional types of joints.
- Synarthroses; immovable joints
- Amphiarthroses; slightly movable joints
- Diarthroses; freely movable joints
(Page 157)
Bending the foot in the direction of the sole is known as:
Plantar Flexion