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psychology > unit 1 outcome 2 - nature vs nurture > Flashcards

unit 1 outcome 2 - nature vs nurture Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the stages of the lifespan?

A

infancy: 0-2
childhood: 2-12
adolescence: 12-20
early adulthood: 20-40
middle age: 40-65
old age: 65+

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2
Q

what is a gene?

A

contains genetic information that is passed on from generation to generation

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3
Q

what is recessive?

A

a gene who’s characteristics will only be displayed if it is paired with another recessive gene. ( homologous recessive)

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4
Q

what is dominant?

A

the gene that is most often displayed

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5
Q

what is down syndrome?

A

the person has inherited an extra chromosome which results in abnormal cell division and growth. it results in intellectual disability, growth and motor skill impairments (21)

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6
Q

what is fragile X syndrome?

A

is due to a defect on the signal X chromosome, it delays social skills

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7
Q

what is alzheimers disease?

A

progressive brain deterioration that leads to substantial memory loss. can be caused by a gene on chromosome 14 or 21

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8
Q

what is nurture?

A

environment is used to refer to the experiences, objects and events to which we are exposed to

  • e.g. parents into education
  • e.g. growing up in sport
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9
Q

what is nature?

A

heredity involves the passing of characteristics from the biological parents via genes at the time of conception

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10
Q

twin studies

A

nature- to see how much their genetic influence their development

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11
Q

adoption studies

A

nurture- how much how the are raised with different environmental factors effect development

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12
Q

what is the interactionist approach?

A

is how nature and nurture work together to shape a person

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13
Q

what is physical development ?

A

our bodies, including our brains are continually changing - you get bigger , stronger, increased motor skills e.g. holding pen , walking

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14
Q

what is cognitive development ?

A

refers to the development of our mental abilities through the course of the lifespan e.g. logic, gains knowledge

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15
Q

what is social and emotional development?

A

you learn how to handle your emotions and to recognise them, you learn how to read other peoples emotions and therefore handle social situations e.g. more independent , self identity , pretend play

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16
Q

milestones at infancy

A

physical- rapid brain and body growth
- voluntary muscles control

cognitive- increased memory an learning ablilities
- begin communication

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17
Q

milestones at infancy 0-2

A

physical- rapid brain and body growth
- voluntary muscles control

cognitive- increased memory an learning ablilities
- begin communication

social and emotional- develope self regognition

  • gender
  • play and family time
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18
Q

milestones of child hood 3-12

A

physical - rapid brain development

  • hand preference
  • increased motor skills

congnitive- increase in understanding of language

  • attention span improves
  • more logical
  • improved memory

social- more indépendant from parents
- friendship group established

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19
Q

milestones of adolescence

A

physical- dramatic growth, sexual maturity, brain development

cognitive- sophisticated logic and thinking skills
- gained knowledge and understanding

social- a quest for independence

  • more ideas of self image, esteem and identity
  • emotionally closer with friends
20
Q

early adult hood ( 20-40)

A

physical- peak physical functioning

cognitive- sophisticated cognitive skills

social- work on self identity
- adjust to new roles such as marriage and parenting

21
Q

milestones at infancy (0-2)

A

physical- rapid brain and body growth
- voluntary muscles control

cognitive- increased memory an learning ablilities
- begin communication

social and emotional- develope self regognition

  • gender
  • play and family time
22
Q

milestones of child hood (3-12)

A

physical - rapid brain development

  • hand preference
  • increased motor skills

congnitive- increase in understanding of language

  • attention span improves
  • more logical
  • improved memory

social- more indépendant from parents
- friendship group established

23
Q

milestones of adolescence (12-20)

A

physical- dramatic growth, sexual maturity, brain development

cognitive- sophisticated logic and thinking skills
- gained knowledge and understanding

social- a quest for independence

  • more ideas of self image, esteem and identity
  • emotionally closer with friends
24
Q

milestones of early adult hood ( 20-40)

A

physical- peak physical functioning

cognitive- sophisticated cognitive skills

social- work on self identity
- adjust to new roles such as marriage and parenting

25
Q

milestones of middle age ( 40- 65)

A

physical - declines become noticeable

cognitive- more stable functioning, peak expertise

emtoional- stable self identity
- career and family more stable

26
Q

milestones of old age ( 65+)

A

physical- decline

cognitive- many decline

emotional- self esteem and life satisfaction good

  • solcia activity
  • close with family
27
Q

what are some environmental factors that may effect development ?

A
  • physical surroundings
  • emotional and social context
  • deprived environments
  • enriched environments
28
Q

explain maturation ?

A

a pre-determined biological sequence of behaviours which occurs at a certain age

29
Q

explain inborn reflexes?

A

a set of unlearned automatic responses to certain stimuli that babies are born with

30
Q

explain developmental norms?

A

used to indicate the average age at which individuals reach certain milestones

31
Q

what is critical periods?

A

a period in life where certain experiences must happen for normal development to proceed

32
Q

what is an example of critical periods ?

A

if an infants eye is blind folded for the first 3 months it means that the visual cortex can not develope to see

young birds imprint to the first moving object they see after they hatch

33
Q

what is sensitive periods?

A

certain periods in development which is optimum for learning specific things due to the nature of the growing brain - synaptic connections are made more easily - learning can happen outside of that but may take longer

34
Q

what is an example of sensitive periods?

A

e.g. walking

35
Q

what are teratogens?

A

are any toxic substances that can be used to harm an unborn baby

36
Q

what is attachment?

A

is the emotional bond or relationship between an infant and its mother or primary carer . it is innate. infancy is a critical period for human infants to form attachments to their care givers for optimal development

37
Q

what is privation?

A

is when attachment doesn’t occur ( infant doesn’t form close relationship )

38
Q

Harlows monkeys study
what is it?
ethical implications?

A

harlow tested attachment in thesis monkeys by separating them at birth
- his aim was to investigate whether food or close comfort was more important for the formation of attachment

39
Q

Ainsworths study on attachment

what is it?

A
  • the strange situation
  • measure the amount of attachment a child has with their mother
  • the quality of the infants level of play and levels of distress when the mother had left and was with a stranger
40
Q

some examples of emotional development

A

birth- excitement and distress
three - angry
six- disgust and fear
twenty- joy

41
Q

securely attachment ( type b)

A

child - explored the unfamiliar room
- created mum positively when mum returned

mum- sensitive

42
Q

avoidant insecure ( type a)

A

child - did not orientate to their mother
- little interest when the mum returned

mum - sometimes ignored the child

43
Q

resistant insecure ( type c)

A
  • intense distress when absent

- reject mum when she returns

44
Q

what is experience dependant learning?

A

is any learning that occurs at any time during life as a result of experience

45
Q

what is experience expected learning?

A

occur during sensitive periods and refers to experiences necessary for learning to occur

psychology (5 decks)

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