unit 1 outcome 2 - nature vs nurture Flashcards
what are the stages of the lifespan?
infancy: 0-2
childhood: 2-12
adolescence: 12-20
early adulthood: 20-40
middle age: 40-65
old age: 65+
what is a gene?
contains genetic information that is passed on from generation to generation
what is recessive?
a gene who’s characteristics will only be displayed if it is paired with another recessive gene. ( homologous recessive)
what is dominant?
the gene that is most often displayed
what is down syndrome?
the person has inherited an extra chromosome which results in abnormal cell division and growth. it results in intellectual disability, growth and motor skill impairments (21)
what is fragile X syndrome?
is due to a defect on the signal X chromosome, it delays social skills
what is alzheimers disease?
progressive brain deterioration that leads to substantial memory loss. can be caused by a gene on chromosome 14 or 21
what is nurture?
environment is used to refer to the experiences, objects and events to which we are exposed to
- e.g. parents into education
- e.g. growing up in sport
what is nature?
heredity involves the passing of characteristics from the biological parents via genes at the time of conception
twin studies
nature- to see how much their genetic influence their development
adoption studies
nurture- how much how the are raised with different environmental factors effect development
what is the interactionist approach?
is how nature and nurture work together to shape a person
what is physical development ?
our bodies, including our brains are continually changing - you get bigger , stronger, increased motor skills e.g. holding pen , walking
what is cognitive development ?
refers to the development of our mental abilities through the course of the lifespan e.g. logic, gains knowledge
what is social and emotional development?
you learn how to handle your emotions and to recognise them, you learn how to read other peoples emotions and therefore handle social situations e.g. more independent , self identity , pretend play
milestones at infancy
physical- rapid brain and body growth
- voluntary muscles control
cognitive- increased memory an learning ablilities
- begin communication
milestones at infancy 0-2
physical- rapid brain and body growth
- voluntary muscles control
cognitive- increased memory an learning ablilities
- begin communication
social and emotional- develope self regognition
- gender
- play and family time
milestones of child hood 3-12
physical - rapid brain development
- hand preference
- increased motor skills
congnitive- increase in understanding of language
- attention span improves
- more logical
- improved memory
social- more indépendant from parents
- friendship group established
milestones of adolescence
physical- dramatic growth, sexual maturity, brain development
cognitive- sophisticated logic and thinking skills
- gained knowledge and understanding
social- a quest for independence
- more ideas of self image, esteem and identity
- emotionally closer with friends
early adult hood ( 20-40)
physical- peak physical functioning
cognitive- sophisticated cognitive skills
social- work on self identity
- adjust to new roles such as marriage and parenting
milestones at infancy (0-2)
physical- rapid brain and body growth
- voluntary muscles control
cognitive- increased memory an learning ablilities
- begin communication
social and emotional- develope self regognition
- gender
- play and family time
milestones of child hood (3-12)
physical - rapid brain development
- hand preference
- increased motor skills
congnitive- increase in understanding of language
- attention span improves
- more logical
- improved memory
social- more indépendant from parents
- friendship group established
milestones of adolescence (12-20)
physical- dramatic growth, sexual maturity, brain development
cognitive- sophisticated logic and thinking skills
- gained knowledge and understanding
social- a quest for independence
- more ideas of self image, esteem and identity
- emotionally closer with friends
milestones of early adult hood ( 20-40)
physical- peak physical functioning
cognitive- sophisticated cognitive skills
social- work on self identity
- adjust to new roles such as marriage and parenting
milestones of middle age ( 40- 65)
physical - declines become noticeable
cognitive- more stable functioning, peak expertise
emtoional- stable self identity
- career and family more stable
milestones of old age ( 65+)
physical- decline
cognitive- many decline
emotional- self esteem and life satisfaction good
- solcia activity
- close with family
what are some environmental factors that may effect development ?
- physical surroundings
- emotional and social context
- deprived environments
- enriched environments
explain maturation ?
a pre-determined biological sequence of behaviours which occurs at a certain age
explain inborn reflexes?
a set of unlearned automatic responses to certain stimuli that babies are born with
explain developmental norms?
used to indicate the average age at which individuals reach certain milestones
what is critical periods?
a period in life where certain experiences must happen for normal development to proceed
what is an example of critical periods ?
if an infants eye is blind folded for the first 3 months it means that the visual cortex can not develope to see
young birds imprint to the first moving object they see after they hatch
what is sensitive periods?
certain periods in development which is optimum for learning specific things due to the nature of the growing brain - synaptic connections are made more easily - learning can happen outside of that but may take longer
what is an example of sensitive periods?
e.g. walking
what are teratogens?
are any toxic substances that can be used to harm an unborn baby
what is attachment?
is the emotional bond or relationship between an infant and its mother or primary carer . it is innate. infancy is a critical period for human infants to form attachments to their care givers for optimal development
what is privation?
is when attachment doesn’t occur ( infant doesn’t form close relationship )
Harlows monkeys study
what is it?
ethical implications?
harlow tested attachment in thesis monkeys by separating them at birth
- his aim was to investigate whether food or close comfort was more important for the formation of attachment
Ainsworths study on attachment
what is it?
- the strange situation
- measure the amount of attachment a child has with their mother
- the quality of the infants level of play and levels of distress when the mother had left and was with a stranger
some examples of emotional development
birth- excitement and distress
three - angry
six- disgust and fear
twenty- joy
securely attachment ( type b)
child - explored the unfamiliar room
- created mum positively when mum returned
mum- sensitive
avoidant insecure ( type a)
child - did not orientate to their mother
- little interest when the mum returned
mum - sometimes ignored the child
resistant insecure ( type c)
- intense distress when absent
- reject mum when she returns
what is experience dependant learning?
is any learning that occurs at any time during life as a result of experience
what is experience expected learning?
occur during sensitive periods and refers to experiences necessary for learning to occur
