Unit 1, Module 4 Glossary

Question 0

ATP

Answer 0

A phosphorylated nucleotide and is the universal energy currency.

Question 1

Energy

Answer 1

The ability to do work

Question 2

Anabolic reactions

Answer 2

Biochemical reactions where large molecules are synthesised from smaller ones.

Question 3

Catabolic reactions

Answer 3

Biochemical reactions where larger molecules are hydrolysed to produce smaller molecules.

Question 4

Oxidation reactions

Answer 4

Involve the loss of electrons

Question 5

Reduction reactions

Answer 5

Involve the addition of electrons

Question 6

NAD

Answer 6

Coenzyme involved in respiration. It removes hydrogen atoms from substrates. It becomes reduced NAD, which carries hydrogen atoms.

Question 7

Coenzyme A

Answer 7

A coenzyme that carries acetate from the link reaction of respiration to Krebs cycle.

Question 9

Glycolysis

Answer 9

A metabolic pathway where each glucose molecules is broken down to two molecules of pyruvate. It occurs in the cytoplasm of all living cells and is common to anaerobic and aerobic pathways.

Question 10

Hexose sugars

Answer 10

Sugars with six carbon atoms in each molecule.

Question 11

Hydrolysis

Answer 11

The breaking down of large molecules to smaller molecules by the addition of water.

Question 12

Triose sugars

Answer 12

Sugars which have three carbon atoms in each molecule.

Question 13

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 13

Formation of ATP from ADP and Pi during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

Question 14

Mitochondria

Answer 14

Organelles found in eukaryote cells. They are the sites of the link reaction, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation - the aerobic stages of respiration.

Question 15

Cristae

Answer 15

The folded inner membrane of mitochondria that gives it a large suface area.

Question 16

Intermembrane space

Answer 16

The area between the inner and outer membranes.

Question 17

Matrix

Answer 17

The semi-rigid and gel-like mixture of proteins and lipids enclosed by the inner membrane.

Question 18

Electron carriers

Answer 18

Molecules that transfer electrons

Question 19

ATP synthase

Answer 19

Enzyme associated with stalked particles in mitochondria and chloroplasts. It catalyses the joining of ADP and inorganic phosphate to make ATP.

Question 20

Link reaction

Answer 20

Converts pyruvate to acetate. NAD is reduced.

Question 21

Krebs cycle

Answer 21

Oxidises acetate to carbon dioxide. NAD and FAD are reduced, ATP is made by substrate level phosphorylation.

Question 22

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Answer 22

The enzyme that removes hydrogen atoms from pyruvate.

Question 23

Pyruvate decarboxylase

Answer 23

The enzyme which removes a carboxyl group, which eventually becomes carbon dioxide, from pyruvate,

Question 24

Acetyl coenzyme A

Answer 24

The product when coenzyme A accepts acetyl.

Question 25

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 25

The formation of ATP by adding a phosphate group to ADP, in the presence of oxygen, which is the final electron acceptor.

Question 26

Chemiosmosis

Answer 26

The flow of hydrogen ions through ATP synthase enzymes. The force of this flow allows the production of ATP. Occurs across the inner mitochondrial membrane during oxidative phosphorylation in respiration.

Question 27

Proton motive force

Answer 27

Force produced as hydrogen ions flow, through ATP synthase channels, down their concentration gradient. The force cause ADP and Pi to combine and form ATP.

Question 28

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 28

The release of energy from substrates, such as glucose, in the absence of oxygen.

Question 29

Respiratory substrate

Answer 29

An organic substance that can be used for respiration.

Question 30

Mole

Answer 30

The gram molecule mass of a substance. 180g glucose is one mole of glucose.