UNIT 1 MODULE 2

Question 1

What are the major functions of the digestive system?

Answer 1

1. break down incoming nutrients to be transported to cells of the body
   2.supply cells with water
2. remove undigested waste material

Question 2

What are the two forms of digestion?

Answer 2

1. Mechanical Digestion
   -physically breaking down food to increase its surface area
   -mouth and stomach
2. Chemical Digestion
   -break down nutrient molecules using enzymes to harvest energy
   -small intestine

Question 3

MOUTH (Digestive tract organ)

Answer 3

breaks up food by mechanical/chemical digestion

Question 4

ESOPHAGUS (Digestive tract organ)

Answer 4

transports food to stomach

Question 5

STOMACH (Digestive tract organ)

Answer 5

mechanical mixing of food

Question 6

SMALL INTESTINE (Digestive tract organ)

Answer 6

major organ of digestion and absorption

Question 7

LARGE INTESTINE (Digestive tract organ)

Answer 7

eliminates indigestible materials, reabsorbs water

Question 8

SALIVARY GLANDS (Accessory Organs)

Answer 8

lubricates food ad provides enzymes

Question 9

LIVER (Accessory Organs)

Answer 9

produces bile, processes and stores nutrients

Question 10

PANCREAS (Accessory Organs)

Answer 10

produces digestive enzymes for the small intestine, regulates blood sugar levels

Question 11

GALLBLADDER (Accessory Organs)

Answer 11

stores bile

Question 12

How does the structure of the small intestine inform its function?

Answer 12

the lining is highly specialized for maximizing digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Question 13

What features are
present on the small intestine that help it do its job?

Answer 13

Folds, Villi: increase surface area to maximize nutrient absorption
Capillaries: inside villi connect small intestine to circulatory system
Lacteals: inside villi transport fat-soluble molecules to lymphatic system

Question 14

What are enzymes?

Answer 14

metabolic catalyst that speed up chemical reactions or allow them to occur at all

Question 15

How do enzymes work?

Answer 15

1. Substrate (nutrient) binds to activate site of enzyme
2. enzyme changes shape, which changes shape of nutrient molecule
3. once reaction is complete, nutrient unbinds from enzyme

Question 16

How does the body regulate enzymes?

Answer 16

Most enzymes are controlled by changes in their conformation, which in turn alter catalytic activity.

Question 17

What enzymes break down carbohydrates and where do the monomers get sent for
cellular energy harvesting?

Answer 17

Amylases. Sends simple sugars to blood stream

Question 18

What breaks down proteins?

Answer 18

Trypsin and Peptidases

Question 19

What breaks down fats?

Answer 19

Lipases

Question 20

Capillaries

Answer 20

inside villi connect small intestine to circulatory system

Question 21

Lacteals

Answer 21

inside villi transport fat-soluble molecules to lymphatic system

Question 22

Enzymes are…

Answer 22

proteins

Question 23

Enzyme Kinetics

Answer 23

-Enzyme rates vary with temperature
-Enzyme rates vary with pH
-Enzymes are adapted to their typical environment

Question 24

What monomer does the Esophagus break down into?

Answer 24

salivary amylase (starch to maltose)

Question 25

What monomer does the stomach break down into?

Answer 25

Proteases (protein to polypeptides) Stomach acids (chemical digestion)

Question 26

What monomer does the Liver/Gallbladder break down into?

Answer 26

Bile salts (emulsification of lipds)

Question 27

What monomer does the Pancreas break down into?

Answer 27

-Amylase. (starch to maltose) -Lipase (triglycerides to fatty acids) -Endopeptidase (peptides to amino acids) -Nuclease (DNA/RNA to nucleosides) -Bicarbonate ions (neutralise stomach acid)

Question 28

What monomer does the Small intestine break down into?

Answer 28

membrane bound enzymes

Question 29

Enzymes work by...

Answer 29

decreasing the amount of energy needed for the reaction to occur