UNIT 1 MODULE 1 Flashcards
What is energy?
the abiliy to do work (transfer energy between forms)
Solar Energy
energy in form of light from the sun
Mechanical Energy
Energy of MOVEMENT (flapping wings)
Potential Energy
stored energy (water behind dam)
chemical energy
energy stored in chemical bonds
1st Law of Thermodynamics
energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can change forms
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
energy conversions are inefficient and some energy will ALWAYS be lost
3rd Law of Thermodynamics
energy flows from higher forms to lower energy forms
Organic Nutrients (Biological Macromolecules)
Hydrogen and other elements covalently bonded to carbon
what element is the backbone of organic molecules necessary for life?
Carbon
Hydrolytic Reaction (hydrolisis)
breaking polymers down into monomers by adding a water molecule
Dehydration Synthesis
joining monomer to form a polymer by removing a water molecule
what molecules do cells use to fuel chemical reactions?
Cells use ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
This structure is a nucleoside triphosphate
Stored in the pyrophosphate bond
what is an Organic Nutrient?
Hydrogen and other elements covalently bonded to Carbon
The key feature that allows us to use them for energy is because of their ability to form stable bonds with other elements
what makes Carbon so versatile in molecules?
it can create 4 covalent bonds
What are functional groups and why are they important?
Functional groups are attached to hydrocarbon chain to provide chemical reactivity to organic molecules (Hydroxyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Sulfhydryl
Phosphate)
What are the four major classes of energy nutrients?
carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, fats
How are monomers joined into polymers? How are polymers broken down into monomers?
Monomers join into polymers using covalent bonds to form larger molecules (polymers)
–This type of reaction is known as dehydration synthesis (put together while losing water)
Polymers are broken down into monomers in a process known as hydrolysis (split water)
–A water molecule is used during the breakdown
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats raise bad cholesterol in the blood stream which can create blockages and heart disease
Unsaturated fats help keep the proper body functioning
Why are trans fats bad for you?
Trans fats are bad for you because they are man-made fats and one of the worst things you could eat
How can changing the shape of a protein change its function?
THE PROTEIN SHAPE IS CRITICAL to its function because it determines whether the protein can interact with other molecules
describe the structure of ATP
ATP molecules are composed of a ribose sugar, a nitrogen-containing adenine molecule, and three phosphate groups.
Monomers
Monosaccharides, Amino Acids, Nucleotides, Glycerol, Fatty Acids
Polymers
Polysaccharides, Polypeptides, Proteins, DNA, RNA, Triglycerides
