Unit 1: Macromolecules Flashcards
What are macromolecules?
The building blocks to life
What are the types of macromolecules?
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
What are the functional groups?
1. Hydroxy:
2. Carbonyl:
3. Carboxyle:
4. Amino:
5. Sulfylhydryl:
6. Phosphate:
7. Ether:
8. Ester:
- Hydroxy:
R-OH
Rest single bond OH
- Carbonyl:
R2-C=O
Carbon double bond Oxygen
- Carboxyle:
C = O
l
OH
Carbon single bond OH + double bond OH - Amino:
Nitrogen single bonded to 2 Hydrogen - Sulfylhydryl:
Rest single bond to SH - Phosphate:
Phosphate surrounded by Oxygen - Ether:
Rest- O - rest
Oxygen bridge - Ester:
C single bond O double bond O
Explain Dehydration Synthesis vs. Hydrolsis
Dehydration Synthesis: removing water (H20) to form Ether bonds (Oxygen bridges)
Hyrdrolysis: adding water to separate a Ether bond
Whats the difference between Organic and non organic compounds?
Organic: C + H
Non-organic: C no H
what are the forms of Carbohydrates?
1. monosachhrides
2. Disacchorides
3. Polysacchorides
Give names, deffinitions, and examples
- Monosacchaids:
-monomer
-Simple sugar
-Ex. Glucose, Galactose, and Fruictose - Disacchorides:
-2 monomers
-Held together by glycosidic linkage (dehydration sythesis)
- Ex. Maltose (sugar+sugar), Lactose(Glucose + Galatose) - Polysacchorides:
-many monomers
–held together by glycosisdic links
-Ex. Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
Starch: spiral + plants
Glycogen: branch +plants + aimals
Cellulose: Straight + plants(CANNOT DIGEST)
Describe the types of Lipids
1. triglycerides:
2. Phosphalides:
3. wax:
4. steroids:
- Triglycerides:
-Monomers
-Triglycerides = glycerol + 3 fatty acids
-bond is ether through dehydration synthesis - Phosphalides:
-Phosphalide group = 2 fatty acids + glycerol
-creates polar head + non polar head
-createds bilayer (polar head outside, non-polar head inside) - wax:
-wax = 1 fatty acid + long carbon and hydrogen
-hydrophobic - steroids:
-4 ring structure
Ex.
-Cholesterol: membrane fluid
-sex hormones; sexual traits
-cortisol: moves bile
-steroid hormones: growth + development
Explain the types of fatty acids
1. Saturated fatty acids
2. unsaturated fatty acids
3. monosaturated:
4. polysaturated
5. Trans
6. Cis
- Saturated:
-max # of H
-Single bond to C
-solid at room temperature
-ex animal fat - Unsaturated:
-unlimited # of H
-double bonds to C
-liquid at room temp - monosaturated:
-Saturated fat
-1 double C bond - polysaturated
-Saturated fat
-2+ double C bonds - Trans:
-saturated fat
-H are on opposite sides to stack easier - Cis:
-saturated fat
-H on same side so stacking harder
What are the types of protiens?
1. amino acids
2. Polypeptides
- amino acids:
-monomer of Protiens
-made of carboxyle group + animo group (N+H) + Rest - Polypeptides:
-long amino chain
-many amino acids
-held together by peptide bonds
How to tell if a amino acid is polar, non-polar, acids, or bases?
Polar:
-uneven charges in R group
-most likely has Oxygen
Non-polar:
-even charges is R group
-most likey doesn’t have Oxygen
Acids:
- has negative charge
Base:
-has positive charge
What is the bond holding Protiens?
Amino acids + amino acids = Protien
Bond: peptide(dehydration snythesis)
bond happends between N-Terminal (amino group) and C-terminal (carboxyal end)
Describe the structures of proteins
1. primary structure
2. secondary structure
3. tertiary structure:
4. Quaternary structure:
Structure = function
protiens are folded
- primary structure:
-amino acid + amino acid
Bonds; peptide bonds
shape: annal beads - secondary structure
-a helix
-b pleted sheet
Bonds: hydrogen bonding - tertiary structure:
-complex shape
Bonds: Hydrogen bonding, disulfide bridge, hydrophobic, hydophilic, ionic bonding
Shape: S - Quaternary structure:
-polypeptide + polypeptide
Bonds: Van der Waals force, aggrevation of 2+ polypeptides
Shape: spaghetti
Protein synthesis vs denaturation
protien synthesis:
fold proteins into structures
-chaperone protines and prosthetic group
denaturation:
unfolds protien
-heat, cold, salt, pH
Describe what a nucleotide is
and what bond is holding nucleic acids together
nucleotide:
-monomer of nuclearic acids
-nucleotides= phosphate + sugar + Base
Bond between nuclide
phosphodiester bond
Bond between DNA
Hydrogen bonding
what are the sugars the make up the monomers of nucleric acids?
1. Ribose
2. Deoxyribose
- Ribose:
-RNA
-2 OH - Deoxyribose
-DNA
-1 OH
Pyrimielines vs purine
Pyrimielines:
- 1 Ring structure
-U, T, C
Purine:
-2 ring structures
-A, G
Types of nucleic acids
1. DNA
2. RNA
- DNA
-stores genetic info
-double helix
Phosphate
sugar: deoxyribose
base: A,T,C,G - RNA
-transports genetic info
-single strand
Phosphate
sugar: ribose
base: A, U, C, G
What are the monomers of all 4
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
- Carbohydrates: simple sugars
-Glucose, galactose, fructose - Lipids: fatty acids and glycerol
- Proteins: amino acid
- Nucleic Acids: nucleotide
