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Biology Unit 1 > Unit 1 Lecture notes > Flashcards

Unit 1 Lecture notes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List hierarchy

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum 
Class
Order
Family 
Genus
Species
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2
Q

How is life ordered?

A

Taxonomic hierarchy

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3
Q

Taxonomy

A

Branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increased breadth

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4
Q

Life’s timeline

A

Life arose from non life via chemical evolution (4.6 bya)

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5
Q

When chemicals came together what was formed?

A

Basis of biological molecules that from nucleus acids and proteins

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6
Q

What evolved in the common ancestor of life?

A

Cellular structure

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7
Q

Photosynthesis (when and what)

A
  • 2.5 bya
  • Allows some organisms to capture energy from the sun
  • Leaves absorb light energy and take in oxygen from the air, then carbon dioxide is released while other animals eat the leaves for food (energy)
  • Chemical nutrients are cycled
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8
Q

Why is DNA important?

A

Biological information is contained in a genetic language common to all organisms

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9
Q

How do populations of all living organisms evolve?

A
  • population with varied traits
  • elimination of individuals with certain traits
  • reproduction of survivors
  • increased frequency of traits that enhance survival and reproductive skills
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10
Q

What is an example of populations evolving?

A

Peppered moths of Great Britain

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11
Q

Order: cellular specialization and differentiation underlie multicellular life

A

Atoms-molecules-larger biological molecules-surrounded (and protected) in cell membrane- multiple cells- specialized tissues- organs- organ systems- organisms

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12
Q

What is an example of living organisms interacting with one another?

A

Population- friends
Community- UMM
Ecosystem- Morris
Biosphere- Earth

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13
Q

What are the basis of biosynthesis and why?

A

Nutrients because they supply energy

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14
Q

What are the 2 major processes involved in energy exchange in an ecosystem?

A

Photosynthesis

Respiration

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15
Q

Explain homeostasis

A
  • living organisms must regulate their internal environment
  • the maintenance of a constant internal environment in response to changed in conditions of external and internal environment
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16
Q

Structure dictates what

A

Function

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17
Q

Why were the Sumerians helpful?

A

(6000-3000 years ago)
Writing, wheel, math system based on numeral 60 (concept of 1 hr), earliest concepts of algebra and geometry, system of weights and measures that served the ancient world until Roman period

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18
Q

What did the Sumerians believe?

A

Sickness was a sign of divine displeasure and to return to health you had to appease the gods
Trepenation/ hole in head

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19
Q

Natural

A

Objects and processes that obey the impersonal laws of nature
-constant relationship between cause and effect- neither human desires nor forces outside of nature can affect outcome

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20
Q

Supernatural forces (acts of God)

A

Cannot be studied by scientific observation and experiment (often called miracles)

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21
Q

Origins of science in Greece

A

Ancient Greeks

(Thales)- 1st Greek philosopher sought to explain physical world naturally

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22
Q

What did Thales say?

A

“All events,even extra, can be explained in natural terms that can be understood”

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23
Q

Naturalistic thought

A

Explanations of natural phenomena based on the things and processes of nature
Precipitation vs God crying

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24
Q

Aristotle

A

Science of animal biology (classification)

Attempted to find unifying themes in nature

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25
Q

Theophrastus

A

Science of plant biology, often called father of botany

Described parts, growth,reproduction, classification of plants

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26
Q

Together Aristotle and Theophrastus did what

A

Built body of biological information based on observations and used data for experiments

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27
Q

What kept Europe science alive and why

A

Islamic science

Advances in math, astronomy, medicine, physics, Chem

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28
Q

What is Al Hassan Ibn Haytham (Alhazen) known for

A

Experimentation

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29
Q

Scholasticism

A

Dominant method of learning
Aimed to reconcile Christian theology with Greek philosophy
Accepts opinions of authorities rather than personal observation and experiments
Didn’t look to nature for answers

30
Q

Francis bacon helped revitalize what

A

Importance of experimentation and developing the “scientific method”

31
Q

Magellan

A

Portuguese explorer who was the first to circumnavigate earth by sailboat

32
Q

Gutenberg

A

Inventor of printing press (general public able to read)

33
Q

Copernicus

A

Earth revolves around sun

34
Q

Versailles

A

Founder of modern human anatomy

35
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Start with a point of view that is accepted as true (belief in authorities) then deduce the consequences

GENERAL IDEA TO SPECIFIC OBSERVATION

36
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Consider all observations, then formulate hypotheses to explain those observations

SPECIFIC OBSERVATIONS TO GENERAL IDEA
make observations, discern a pattern, make a generalization, and generate hypothesis

37
Q

Bacons four idols

A 
Error
Idols of tribe
Idols of cave
Idols of marketplace 
Idols of theatre
38
Q

Idols of tribe

A

All humans- Weak senses, wishful thinking

39
Q

Idols of cave

A

Individual

Acquired biases

40
Q

Idols of marketplace

A

How we exchange ideas and information in public

41
Q

Idols of the theatre

A

Populate authority, modes of thought, part of a group (religion, political parties)

42
Q

What was written by bacon in 1620?

A

Novum organum

43
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA (replication)- transcription- mRNA- protein

44
Q

Store, transmit, and express hereditary information

A

Nucleic acids

45
Q

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

46
Q

What are the 3 things that make up nucleotides?

A
  • nitrogenous base
  • sugar pentose
  • phosphate group
47
Q

What are the two nitrogenous bases? And what base pairs go with them?

A

Pyrimidine (CTU)

Purine (AG)

48
Q

What is the difference between Thymine and Uracil?

A

Method group is absent with U

49
Q

Is the sugar phosphate backbone on the outside of the DNA structure or the inside?

A

Outside

50
Q

Where does transcription and translation take place in prokaryotes? In eukaryotes?

A

Cell membrane; nucleus

51
Q

Central dogma overview

A

DNA- mRNA- protein

52
Q

Genetic code

A

DNA template strand transcribed using RNA polymerase into mRNA which is translated into protein

53
Q

5’ to 3’ codon leads to

A

Amino acid

54
Q

Translation basics

A

RNA- protein

55
Q

Transcription basics

A

DNA- RNA

56
Q

What is the difference between the genetic code process of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes: have a nucleus, DNA is processed, transcription and translation take place at different times

Prokaryotes: no nucleus, transcription and translation take place at the same time

57
Q

Who was the first scientist to work on figuring out DNA? What did he do?

A 
Gregor Mendal (pea plants)
-something able to transmit from one species/individual to the next
58
Q

Why was Fredreich Meicher important?

A

Discovered substance nucleons rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, and hydrogen

Unique phosphorus: nitrogen ratio (nucleon- now known as nucleotide)

59
Q

What was the mouse experiment trying to discover?

A

Can a genetic trait be transferred between different bacterial strains?

60
Q

Explain the mouse experiment

A

Living R bacteria had been transformed into pathogenic S bacteria by an unknown, hereditable substance

S-virulent, pathogenic
R- nonvirulent, nonpathogenic

61
Q

What did Avery, McCloud, and McCardy do?

A

Pathogenic S strain cells experiment- heat killed- fractioned out molecules- treated R strains- which molecule turns R cell into pathogenic- DNA transfers hereditary information

62
Q

What did Hershey and Chase do?

A

1950s
Use bacteriophages of protein sulfur and DNA phosphorus and a centrifuge to see if they could find the sulfur in the protein or the phosphorus in the DNA, found the phosphorus and knew it was radio labeled DNA and that is how they know DNA is hereditary code

63
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

Virus that infects bacteria made of protein and DNA

64
Q

Who was the leading person that helped determine DNAs structure? How?

A

Rosalind Franklin

X-Ray crystallography

65
Q

What was Erwin Chargaffs rule?

A

A + G = T + C

A bonds with T and G bonds with C

66
Q

How were Watson and Crick able to describe the double helix?

A

Used Franklins crystallography and notes on antiparallel structure with sugar phosphate on the outside to determine how the bases (Chargaffs) were oriented in DNA chains

67
Q

How did Watson and Crick describe the structure of DNA?

A

Sugar phosphate outside

Bases inside enabling base pairing

68
Q

What are the four key features of DNA structure?

A

1) DNA is a double helix of uniform diameter
2) two DNA strands are antiparallel
3) base pairs can interact with other molecules
4) double helix is right-handed

69
Q

Describe how DNA is a double helix of uniform diameter

A

Hydrogen bonds in base pairing and phosphate angles

70
Q

Describe the structure of the antiparallel DNA strands

A

OH work together to get rid of water through a condensation reaction and they bind to phosphate

71
Q

How can base pairs interact with other molecules?

A

Bind in major and minor grooves

72
Q

Explain the right handed feature of the double helix

A

Wrapped around thumbs up

Biology Unit 1 (8 decks)

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