Unit 1 Lecture notes Flashcards
List hierarchy
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
How is life ordered?
Taxonomic hierarchy
Taxonomy
Branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increased breadth
Life’s timeline
Life arose from non life via chemical evolution (4.6 bya)
When chemicals came together what was formed?
Basis of biological molecules that from nucleus acids and proteins
What evolved in the common ancestor of life?
Cellular structure
Photosynthesis (when and what)
- 2.5 bya
- Allows some organisms to capture energy from the sun
- Leaves absorb light energy and take in oxygen from the air, then carbon dioxide is released while other animals eat the leaves for food (energy)
- Chemical nutrients are cycled
Why is DNA important?
Biological information is contained in a genetic language common to all organisms
How do populations of all living organisms evolve?
- population with varied traits
- elimination of individuals with certain traits
- reproduction of survivors
- increased frequency of traits that enhance survival and reproductive skills
What is an example of populations evolving?
Peppered moths of Great Britain
Order: cellular specialization and differentiation underlie multicellular life
Atoms-molecules-larger biological molecules-surrounded (and protected) in cell membrane- multiple cells- specialized tissues- organs- organ systems- organisms
What is an example of living organisms interacting with one another?
Population- friends
Community- UMM
Ecosystem- Morris
Biosphere- Earth
What are the basis of biosynthesis and why?
Nutrients because they supply energy
What are the 2 major processes involved in energy exchange in an ecosystem?
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Explain homeostasis
- living organisms must regulate their internal environment
- the maintenance of a constant internal environment in response to changed in conditions of external and internal environment
Structure dictates what
Function
Why were the Sumerians helpful?
(6000-3000 years ago)
Writing, wheel, math system based on numeral 60 (concept of 1 hr), earliest concepts of algebra and geometry, system of weights and measures that served the ancient world until Roman period
What did the Sumerians believe?
Sickness was a sign of divine displeasure and to return to health you had to appease the gods
Trepenation/ hole in head
Natural
Objects and processes that obey the impersonal laws of nature
-constant relationship between cause and effect- neither human desires nor forces outside of nature can affect outcome
Supernatural forces (acts of God)
Cannot be studied by scientific observation and experiment (often called miracles)
Origins of science in Greece
Ancient Greeks
(Thales)- 1st Greek philosopher sought to explain physical world naturally
What did Thales say?
“All events,even extra, can be explained in natural terms that can be understood”
Naturalistic thought
Explanations of natural phenomena based on the things and processes of nature
Precipitation vs God crying
Aristotle
Science of animal biology (classification)
Attempted to find unifying themes in nature
Theophrastus
Science of plant biology, often called father of botany
Described parts, growth,reproduction, classification of plants
Together Aristotle and Theophrastus did what
Built body of biological information based on observations and used data for experiments
What kept Europe science alive and why
Islamic science
Advances in math, astronomy, medicine, physics, Chem
What is Al Hassan Ibn Haytham (Alhazen) known for
Experimentation
Scholasticism
Dominant method of learning
Aimed to reconcile Christian theology with Greek philosophy
Accepts opinions of authorities rather than personal observation and experiments
Didn’t look to nature for answers
Francis bacon helped revitalize what
Importance of experimentation and developing the “scientific method”
Magellan
Portuguese explorer who was the first to circumnavigate earth by sailboat
Gutenberg
Inventor of printing press (general public able to read)
Copernicus
Earth revolves around sun
Versailles
Founder of modern human anatomy
Deductive reasoning
Start with a point of view that is accepted as true (belief in authorities) then deduce the consequences
GENERAL IDEA TO SPECIFIC OBSERVATION
Inductive reasoning
Consider all observations, then formulate hypotheses to explain those observations
SPECIFIC OBSERVATIONS TO GENERAL IDEA
make observations, discern a pattern, make a generalization, and generate hypothesis
Bacons four idols
Error Idols of tribe Idols of cave Idols of marketplace Idols of theatre
Idols of tribe
All humans- Weak senses, wishful thinking
Idols of cave
Individual
Acquired biases
Idols of marketplace
How we exchange ideas and information in public
Idols of the theatre
Populate authority, modes of thought, part of a group (religion, political parties)
What was written by bacon in 1620?
Novum organum
Central Dogma
DNA (replication)- transcription- mRNA- protein
Store, transmit, and express hereditary information
Nucleic acids
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
What are the 3 things that make up nucleotides?
- nitrogenous base
- sugar pentose
- phosphate group
What are the two nitrogenous bases? And what base pairs go with them?
Pyrimidine (CTU)
Purine (AG)
What is the difference between Thymine and Uracil?
Method group is absent with U
Is the sugar phosphate backbone on the outside of the DNA structure or the inside?
Outside
Where does transcription and translation take place in prokaryotes? In eukaryotes?
Cell membrane; nucleus
Central dogma overview
DNA- mRNA- protein
Genetic code
DNA template strand transcribed using RNA polymerase into mRNA which is translated into protein
5’ to 3’ codon leads to
Amino acid
Translation basics
RNA- protein
Transcription basics
DNA- RNA
What is the difference between the genetic code process of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Eukaryotes: have a nucleus, DNA is processed, transcription and translation take place at different times
Prokaryotes: no nucleus, transcription and translation take place at the same time
Who was the first scientist to work on figuring out DNA? What did he do?
Gregor Mendal (pea plants) -something able to transmit from one species/individual to the next
Why was Fredreich Meicher important?
Discovered substance nucleons rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, and hydrogen
Unique phosphorus: nitrogen ratio (nucleon- now known as nucleotide)
What was the mouse experiment trying to discover?
Can a genetic trait be transferred between different bacterial strains?
Explain the mouse experiment
Living R bacteria had been transformed into pathogenic S bacteria by an unknown, hereditable substance
S-virulent, pathogenic
R- nonvirulent, nonpathogenic
What did Avery, McCloud, and McCardy do?
Pathogenic S strain cells experiment- heat killed- fractioned out molecules- treated R strains- which molecule turns R cell into pathogenic- DNA transfers hereditary information
What did Hershey and Chase do?
1950s
Use bacteriophages of protein sulfur and DNA phosphorus and a centrifuge to see if they could find the sulfur in the protein or the phosphorus in the DNA, found the phosphorus and knew it was radio labeled DNA and that is how they know DNA is hereditary code
What is a bacteriophage?
Virus that infects bacteria made of protein and DNA
Who was the leading person that helped determine DNAs structure? How?
Rosalind Franklin
X-Ray crystallography
What was Erwin Chargaffs rule?
A + G = T + C
A bonds with T and G bonds with C
How were Watson and Crick able to describe the double helix?
Used Franklins crystallography and notes on antiparallel structure with sugar phosphate on the outside to determine how the bases (Chargaffs) were oriented in DNA chains
How did Watson and Crick describe the structure of DNA?
Sugar phosphate outside
Bases inside enabling base pairing
What are the four key features of DNA structure?
1) DNA is a double helix of uniform diameter
2) two DNA strands are antiparallel
3) base pairs can interact with other molecules
4) double helix is right-handed
Describe how DNA is a double helix of uniform diameter
Hydrogen bonds in base pairing and phosphate angles
Describe the structure of the antiparallel DNA strands
OH work together to get rid of water through a condensation reaction and they bind to phosphate
How can base pairs interact with other molecules?
Bind in major and minor grooves
Explain the right handed feature of the double helix
Wrapped around thumbs up
