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Biology Unit 1 > Meiosis Book Notes > Flashcards

Meiosis Book Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens during meiosis?

A

Consists of two nuclear divisions that together reduce the # of chromosomes to the haploid # in preparation for sexual reproduction

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2
Q

Products in meiosis are

A

Genetically different

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3
Q

Functions of meiosis

A

1) reduce chromosome # from diploid to haploid
2) ensure that each of the haploid products has a complete set of chromosomes
3) generate genetic diversity among products

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4
Q

Meiotic division reduces

A

The chromosome #

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5
Q

Homologous chromosomes come together to pair and homologous chromosome pairs separate

A

Meiosis I

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6
Q

No DNA replication, product = 4 cells each containing haploid # of chromosomes but not genetically identical

A

Meiosis II

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7
Q

Chromatid exchanges during Meiosis I generate

A

Genetic diversity

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8
Q

Homologous chromosomes pair by adhering along their lengths

A

Synopsis

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9
Q

Chromosomes appear to repel each other but (blank) keep them together

A

Cohesins

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10
Q

Regions having attachments take on x-shaped appearance

A

Chiasmata

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11
Q

Chiasma reflects an exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids on homologous chromosomes

A

Crossing over

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12
Q

Result of crossing over- increases genetic variation

A

Recombinant chromatids

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13
Q

During meiosis homologous chromosomes separate by

A

Independent assortment

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14
Q

Explain independent assortment during meiosis

A
  • diploid organism has two sets of chromosomes (2n)

- meiosis I (synopsis) maternal chromosomes pair with paternal homólogas

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15
Q

Result of independent assortment

A

Each newly formed cell receives 1 member of each homologous pair so chromosome # is decreased from diploid to haploid

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16
Q

Steps in meiosis I

A 
Early prophase I 
Mid-prophase I 
Late-prophase I 
Metaphase I 
Anaphase I 
Telophase I
17
Q

Early prophase I

A

Chromatin begins to condense following interphase

18
Q

Mid-prophase I

A

Sysnapsis aligns homóloga and chromosomes condense further

19
Q

Late-prophase I to prometaphase

A

Chromosomes continue to coil and shorten. The chiasmata reflect crossing over. The exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids in a homologous pair

Nuclear envelope breaks

20
Q

Metaphase I

A

The homologous pairs line up on equatorial metaphase plate

21
Q

Anaphase I

A

The homologous chromosomes (each with 2 chromatids) move to opposite poles

22
Q

Telophase I

A

The chromosomes gather into nuclei and the original cell divides

23
Q

Steps in meiosis II

A

Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II

24
Q

Products of meiosis II

A

Each of the 4 cells has a nucleus with a haploid # of chromosomes

25
Q

Prophase II

A

Chromosomes condense again, following a brief interphase with no DNA replication

26
Q

Metaphase II

A

Centromeres of the paired chromatids line up across the equatorial plates of each cell

27
Q

Anaphase II

A

Chromatids finally separate, becoming chromosomes in their own right, and move to opposite poles

28
Q

Why do cells have different genetic makeup after meiosis

A

Crossing over and independent assortment

29
Q

Telophase II

A

The chromosomes gather into nuclei and the cells divide

30
Q

Meiosis II =separation of sister chromatids into

A

Daughter nuclei

31
Q

Homologous chromosomes fail to separate or remain together and migrate the the same pole which results in the production of andhploid cells

A

Nondisjunction

32
Q

Condition in which 1 or more chromosomes are either lacking or present in excess

A

Aneuploidy

33
Q

Occurs when gamete has 2 copies of chromosome 21

A

Down syndrome

34
Q

3 copies of chromosome

A

Trisomic

Recognition may lead to miscarriage in humans

35
Q

A piece of a chromosome may break away and become attached to another chromosome

A

Translocation

36
Q

Pictograph of chromosomes made- image of individual chromosomes manipulated to pair them and place in an orderly arrangement

A

Karotype

37
Q 
#, shapes, and sizes of chronometer in cell 
Aid in diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities
A

Karyotype

38
Q

Have more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes

A

Polyploid

39
Q

Use of polyploid plants in nature because larger example

A

Wheat

Biology Unit 1 (8 decks)

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