Unit 1 Book Notes Flashcards
Biology
Scientific study of living things (organisms)
Life
Response to environment, reproduction, growth and development, energy professing regulation, order, evolutionary adaption
What are the 3 domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Bacteria and Archaea are:
Prokaryotes
Eukarya are
Eukaryotes
Common origin of life occurred when
4 billion years ago
What are the common characteristics among organisms?
Chemical components, cells (building blocks), convert molecules, energy, genetics, fundamental set of genes, evolve, regulate internal environment
When did the earth form?
4.5-4.6 billion years ago
Biological molecules form (blank) in environment.
Chemicals
Nucleic acids
Molecules that could reproduce themselves and also serve as templates for the synthesis of proteins
Proteins
Large molecules with complex but stable shapes
Cell specialization
Enabled multicellular eukaryotes to increase in size and become efficient at gathering resources and adapting to the environment
What occurred 2.5 billion years ago that allowed for eukaryotes to survive?
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Energy from the sun to synthesize molecules to break into metabolic energy (food)
What did photosynthesis lead to?
An abundance of oxygen in the atmosphere
Aerobic metabolism
A biochemical process that uses oxygen to extract energy from nutrient molecules (more efficient)
Anaerobic metabolism
No oxygen required
The average gene has how many nucleotides?
16,000
Genome
Sum total of all the DNA molecules contained in each of its cells
DNA
- deoxyribonucleic acid
- molecules are long sequences of four different subunits
Nucleotides
Building blocks of DNA
C,G,T,A
Genes
Specific segments of DNA that encode the information the cell uses to create amino acids and form them into proteins
What happens when a gene is replicated wrong?
Mutation
Population
Group of individuals of the same type of organism that interact with one another
Evolution
Acts on a population
Change in the genetic makeup of biological populations
Major unifying principle of biology
Natural selection
Differential survival and reproduction among individuals in a population
Adaptations
Structural, psychological, or behavioral traits that enhance an organisms chances or survival and reproduction in its environment
Phylogenetic trees
Portray the evolutionary histories of the different groups of organisms
Binomial
Distinctive scientific names
Genus and species
Genus
Group of species that share a recent common ancestor
Biological hierarchy
Tissues (assemblage of differentiated cells)- organs (group of tissue for specific function)- organ systems
Community
Populations of all the species that live and interact in a defined area
Ecosystem
Community and non living area (interactions create adaptations)
Homeostasis
Maintenance of physiological conditions that support survival and function controlled by regulatory systems but individual feels must self regulate
Genome
Sum total of all the DNA molecules contained in each of its cells
DNA
- deoxyribonucleic acid
- molecules are long sequences of four different subunits
Nucleotides
Building blocks of DNA
C,G,T,A
Genes
Specific segments of DNA that encode the information the cell uses to create amino acids and form them into proteins
What happens when a gene is replicated wrong?
Mutation
Population
Group of individuals of the same type of organism that interact with one another
Evolution
Acts on a population
Change in the genetic makeup of biological populations
Major unifying principle of biology
Natural selection
Differential survival and reproduction among individuals in a population
Adaptations
Structural, psychological, or behavioral traits that enhance an organisms chances or survival and reproduction in its environment
Phylogenetic trees
Portray the evolutionary histories of the different groups of organisms
Binomial
Distinctive scientific names
Genus and species
Genus
Group of species that share a recent common ancestor
Biological hierarchy
Tissues (assemblage of differentiated cells)- organs (group of tissue for specific function)- organ systems
Community
Populations of all the species that live and interact in a defined area
Ecosystem
Community and non living area (interactions create adaptations)
Homeostasis
Maintenance of physiological conditions that support survival and function controlled by regulatory systems but individual feels must self regulate
Observation
Basic tool of biology/ need to quantify data observed
Inductive logic
Taking observations or facts and creating a new proposition that is compatible with those observations
Hypothesis
Tentative proposition that must be testable and have the potential to be rejected
Deductive logic
Starts with a statement believed to be true (hypothesis) and then goes on to predict what facts would also have to be true to be compatible with that statement
Controlled experiment
Manipulates one or more of the factors being tested
Start with similar groups and preform on the basis that one variable is manipulated while all others are held constant
Comparative experiments
Compare unmanipulated data gathered from different sources
Start with prediction of different groups and cannot control variables
Independent variable
Manipulated
Dependent variable
Response measured
Null hypothesis
Premise that any observed differences are simply the result of random differences that arise from drawing two finite samples from the same population
Model systems
Extend findings to other organisms
Humans depend on…
Living organisms that use oxygen produced by photosynthesis
Agriculture improved because of biology why
Knowledge of plant biology = increase in food
What is an example of a recent policy issue biology affected?
Atlantic Bluefin Tuna management problem
-separate fishing quotas didn’t help mix in breeding across west and east
Explain amphibian example
Atrazine danger to amphibians led to the natural resources defense council to take legal action
Understanding how biological populations respond to climate change requires what
The integration of biological principles from molecular bio to ecosystem ecology
Natural history
How organisms get their food, reproduce, behave, regulate their internal environments, and interact with other organisms
Macromolecule =
Proteins, polysaccharides, DNA
Nucleotide sequence is essential to what
DNA function
Nucleic acids
Polymers specialized for the storage, transmission, and use of genetic information
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Encodes hereditary info used to specify amino acids
Proteins carry out what
Life functions
Nucleotide consists of what 3 components
Nitrogen containing base, pentode sugar, 1-3 phosphate groups
Nucleosides
Molecules consisting of a pentode sugar and a nitrogenous based but no phosphate group
Bases of nuclei acids have what 2 chemical forms
Pyramidine
Purine
DNA pentose vs RNA pentose
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Phosphodiester linkage
Bond that occurs when the pentose sugar in the last nucleotide of existing chain and phosphate on new nucleotide undergo a condensation reaction
Nucleic acids grow in what direction
5’ to 3’
Nucleotide monomers
Building blocks of DNA and RNA polymers
What are the four bases in DNA? RNA?
Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Thymine (T)
Uracil (U) not T
Growth of nucleic acid from monomers occurs in (blank) direction
5’ (phosphate) to 3’ (hydroxyl)
Complementary base pairing
DNA: T and A, C and G
RNA: A and U, C and G
Base pairs are what type of bonds
Hydrogen
2 polynucleotide strands form what
Double helix
DNA carries genetic info in its (blank) rather than 3D structure
Sequence of base pairs
DNA replication
Polymerization uses existing strand
Transcription
Sequences copied into RNA
Translation
Nucleotide sequence specifies sequence of amino acids in polypeptide combination
Gene expression
DNA (transcription) RNA (translation) Polypeptide
Genome
Complete set of DNA in a living organism
Genes
Sequences of DNA transcribed into RNA
What are the other roles of nucleotides?
ATP, GTP, cAMP, carriers in synthesis and breakdown of carbs and lipids
Role of ATP
Energy transducer in biochem react
GTP
Energy source in protein synthesis, transfer of info from environment to cells
cAMP role
Add bond, essential for hormone actions and transfer of info by nervous system
Watson and Crick used what
X-rat crystallography
Mautrice Wilkins
Made highly ordered fibers of DNA for x-Ray diffraction
Rosalind Franklin
DNA double helix with 10 nucleotides idea formed
DNA equals a polymer of what
Nucleotides
What is the difference among the four DNA nucleotides
Nitrogenous bases
What did Watson and Crick use to solve the structure of DNA
Model building
Describe structure of DNA
Interior- nucleotide bases
Outside- sugar phosphate and 2 strands anti parallel that are purine and pyrimidine
What are the four features of DNA?
- double stranded helix
- right handed helix
- anti parallel
- major and minor grooves
Helix
Sugar phosphate backbones form coil around outside and nitrogenous base face center
What are the 2 chemical forces that hold the helix together?
Hydrogen bonding (complementary base pairing) and van der waals forces
Anti parallel strands
Repeating units of 5 monosaccharide deoxyribose
3’ to 5’ carbons of deoxyribose molecules
In the anti parallel strands what do the 5’ end and 3’ ends mean
5’ end- 5’ phosphate group
3’ end- 3’ hydroxyl group
Base exposure in grooves
Surfaces of AT and CG base pairs - chemically distinct
-binding of proteins to specific base pair sequences = key to protein DNA interactions
Why is the double helix structure essential?
- genetic material stores an organisms genetic information
- genetic material is susceptible to mutations in info it encodes
- genetic material is precisely replicated in cell division cycle
- genetic material (coded info in DNA) is expressed as phenotype
