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Biology Unit 1 > Unit 1 Book Notes > Flashcards

Unit 1 Book Notes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biology

A

Scientific study of living things (organisms)

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2
Q

Life

A

Response to environment, reproduction, growth and development, energy professing regulation, order, evolutionary adaption

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3
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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4
Q

Bacteria and Archaea are:

A

Prokaryotes

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5
Q

Eukarya are

A

Eukaryotes

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6
Q

Common origin of life occurred when

A

4 billion years ago

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7
Q

What are the common characteristics among organisms?

A

Chemical components, cells (building blocks), convert molecules, energy, genetics, fundamental set of genes, evolve, regulate internal environment

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8
Q

When did the earth form?

A

4.5-4.6 billion years ago

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9
Q

Biological molecules form (blank) in environment.

A

Chemicals

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10
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Molecules that could reproduce themselves and also serve as templates for the synthesis of proteins

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11
Q

Proteins

A

Large molecules with complex but stable shapes

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12
Q

Cell specialization

A

Enabled multicellular eukaryotes to increase in size and become efficient at gathering resources and adapting to the environment

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13
Q

What occurred 2.5 billion years ago that allowed for eukaryotes to survive?

A

Photosynthesis

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14
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Energy from the sun to synthesize molecules to break into metabolic energy (food)

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15
Q

What did photosynthesis lead to?

A

An abundance of oxygen in the atmosphere

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16
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

A biochemical process that uses oxygen to extract energy from nutrient molecules (more efficient)

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17
Q

Anaerobic metabolism

A

No oxygen required

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18
Q

The average gene has how many nucleotides?

A

16,000

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19
Q

Genome

A

Sum total of all the DNA molecules contained in each of its cells

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20
Q

DNA

A
  • deoxyribonucleic acid

- molecules are long sequences of four different subunits

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21
Q

Nucleotides

A

Building blocks of DNA

C,G,T,A

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22
Q

Genes

A

Specific segments of DNA that encode the information the cell uses to create amino acids and form them into proteins

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23
Q

What happens when a gene is replicated wrong?

A

Mutation

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24
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of the same type of organism that interact with one another

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25
Q

Evolution

A

Acts on a population
Change in the genetic makeup of biological populations
Major unifying principle of biology

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26
Q

Natural selection

A

Differential survival and reproduction among individuals in a population

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27
Q

Adaptations

A

Structural, psychological, or behavioral traits that enhance an organisms chances or survival and reproduction in its environment

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28
Q

Phylogenetic trees

A

Portray the evolutionary histories of the different groups of organisms

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29
Q

Binomial

A

Distinctive scientific names

Genus and species

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30
Q

Genus

A

Group of species that share a recent common ancestor

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31
Q

Biological hierarchy

A

Tissues (assemblage of differentiated cells)- organs (group of tissue for specific function)- organ systems

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32
Q

Community

A

Populations of all the species that live and interact in a defined area

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33
Q

Ecosystem

A

Community and non living area (interactions create adaptations)

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34
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of physiological conditions that support survival and function controlled by regulatory systems but individual feels must self regulate

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35
Q

Genome

A

Sum total of all the DNA molecules contained in each of its cells

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36
Q

DNA

A
  • deoxyribonucleic acid

- molecules are long sequences of four different subunits

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37
Q

Nucleotides

A

Building blocks of DNA

C,G,T,A

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38
Q

Genes

A

Specific segments of DNA that encode the information the cell uses to create amino acids and form them into proteins

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39
Q

What happens when a gene is replicated wrong?

A

Mutation

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40
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of the same type of organism that interact with one another

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41
Q

Evolution

A

Acts on a population
Change in the genetic makeup of biological populations
Major unifying principle of biology

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42
Q

Natural selection

A

Differential survival and reproduction among individuals in a population

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43
Q

Adaptations

A

Structural, psychological, or behavioral traits that enhance an organisms chances or survival and reproduction in its environment

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44
Q

Phylogenetic trees

A

Portray the evolutionary histories of the different groups of organisms

45
Q

Binomial

A

Distinctive scientific names

Genus and species

46
Q

Genus

A

Group of species that share a recent common ancestor

47
Q

Biological hierarchy

A

Tissues (assemblage of differentiated cells)- organs (group of tissue for specific function)- organ systems

48
Q

Community

A

Populations of all the species that live and interact in a defined area

49
Q

Ecosystem

A

Community and non living area (interactions create adaptations)

50
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of physiological conditions that support survival and function controlled by regulatory systems but individual feels must self regulate

51
Q

Observation

A

Basic tool of biology/ need to quantify data observed

52
Q

Inductive logic

A

Taking observations or facts and creating a new proposition that is compatible with those observations

53
Q

Hypothesis

A

Tentative proposition that must be testable and have the potential to be rejected

54
Q

Deductive logic

A

Starts with a statement believed to be true (hypothesis) and then goes on to predict what facts would also have to be true to be compatible with that statement

55
Q

Controlled experiment

A

Manipulates one or more of the factors being tested

Start with similar groups and preform on the basis that one variable is manipulated while all others are held constant

56
Q

Comparative experiments

A

Compare unmanipulated data gathered from different sources

Start with prediction of different groups and cannot control variables

57
Q

Independent variable

A

Manipulated

58
Q

Dependent variable

A

Response measured

59
Q

Null hypothesis

A

Premise that any observed differences are simply the result of random differences that arise from drawing two finite samples from the same population

60
Q

Model systems

A

Extend findings to other organisms

61
Q

Humans depend on…

A

Living organisms that use oxygen produced by photosynthesis

62
Q

Agriculture improved because of biology why

A

Knowledge of plant biology = increase in food

63
Q

What is an example of a recent policy issue biology affected?

A

Atlantic Bluefin Tuna management problem

-separate fishing quotas didn’t help mix in breeding across west and east

64
Q

Explain amphibian example

A

Atrazine danger to amphibians led to the natural resources defense council to take legal action

65
Q

Understanding how biological populations respond to climate change requires what

A

The integration of biological principles from molecular bio to ecosystem ecology

66
Q

Natural history

A

How organisms get their food, reproduce, behave, regulate their internal environments, and interact with other organisms

67
Q

Macromolecule =

A

Proteins, polysaccharides, DNA

68
Q

Nucleotide sequence is essential to what

A

DNA function

69
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Polymers specialized for the storage, transmission, and use of genetic information

70
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Encodes hereditary info used to specify amino acids

71
Q

Proteins carry out what

A

Life functions

72
Q

Nucleotide consists of what 3 components

A

Nitrogen containing base, pentode sugar, 1-3 phosphate groups

73
Q

Nucleosides

A

Molecules consisting of a pentode sugar and a nitrogenous based but no phosphate group

74
Q

Bases of nuclei acids have what 2 chemical forms

A

Pyramidine

Purine

75
Q

DNA pentose vs RNA pentose

A

Deoxyribose

Ribose

76
Q

Phosphodiester linkage

A

Bond that occurs when the pentose sugar in the last nucleotide of existing chain and phosphate on new nucleotide undergo a condensation reaction

77
Q

Nucleic acids grow in what direction

A

5’ to 3’

78
Q

Nucleotide monomers

A

Building blocks of DNA and RNA polymers

79
Q

What are the four bases in DNA? RNA?

A

Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Thymine (T)

Uracil (U) not T

80
Q

Growth of nucleic acid from monomers occurs in (blank) direction

A

5’ (phosphate) to 3’ (hydroxyl)

81
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

DNA: T and A, C and G

RNA: A and U, C and G

82
Q

Base pairs are what type of bonds

A

Hydrogen

83
Q

2 polynucleotide strands form what

A

Double helix

84
Q

DNA carries genetic info in its (blank) rather than 3D structure

A

Sequence of base pairs

85
Q

DNA replication

A

Polymerization uses existing strand

86
Q

Transcription

A

Sequences copied into RNA

87
Q

Translation

A

Nucleotide sequence specifies sequence of amino acids in polypeptide combination

88
Q

Gene expression

A

DNA (transcription) RNA (translation) Polypeptide

89
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of DNA in a living organism

90
Q

Genes

A

Sequences of DNA transcribed into RNA

91
Q

What are the other roles of nucleotides?

A

ATP, GTP, cAMP, carriers in synthesis and breakdown of carbs and lipids

92
Q

Role of ATP

A

Energy transducer in biochem react

93
Q

GTP

A

Energy source in protein synthesis, transfer of info from environment to cells

94
Q

cAMP role

A

Add bond, essential for hormone actions and transfer of info by nervous system

95
Q

Watson and Crick used what

A

X-rat crystallography

96
Q

Mautrice Wilkins

A

Made highly ordered fibers of DNA for x-Ray diffraction

97
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

DNA double helix with 10 nucleotides idea formed

98
Q

DNA equals a polymer of what

A

Nucleotides

99
Q

What is the difference among the four DNA nucleotides

A

Nitrogenous bases

100
Q

What did Watson and Crick use to solve the structure of DNA

A

Model building

101
Q

Describe structure of DNA

A

Interior- nucleotide bases

Outside- sugar phosphate and 2 strands anti parallel that are purine and pyrimidine

102
Q

What are the four features of DNA?

A
  • double stranded helix
  • right handed helix
  • anti parallel
  • major and minor grooves
103
Q

Helix

A

Sugar phosphate backbones form coil around outside and nitrogenous base face center

104
Q

What are the 2 chemical forces that hold the helix together?

A

Hydrogen bonding (complementary base pairing) and van der waals forces

105
Q

Anti parallel strands

A

Repeating units of 5 monosaccharide deoxyribose

3’ to 5’ carbons of deoxyribose molecules

106
Q

In the anti parallel strands what do the 5’ end and 3’ ends mean

A

5’ end- 5’ phosphate group

3’ end- 3’ hydroxyl group

107
Q

Base exposure in grooves

A

Surfaces of AT and CG base pairs - chemically distinct

-binding of proteins to specific base pair sequences = key to protein DNA interactions

108
Q

Why is the double helix structure essential?

A
  • genetic material stores an organisms genetic information
  • genetic material is susceptible to mutations in info it encodes
  • genetic material is precisely replicated in cell division cycle
  • genetic material (coded info in DNA) is expressed as phenotype

Biology Unit 1 (8 decks)

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