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Patient Care Skills > Unit 1 Lecture > Flashcards

Unit 1 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

define clean

A

a state of minimized infectious organisms

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2
Q

define soiled/dirty

A

describes areas or items with possible exposure to pathogens

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3
Q

describe the disposal of soiled items

A

blue bags - for soiled items with no known contaminants
red bags - contaminated disposal

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4
Q

sharps container

A

for needles, scalpels, or other sharp equipment capable of puncturing the skin

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5
Q

can a surface be determined as clean by visual inspection alone?

A

no

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6
Q

clean technique

A

efforts to REDUCE infectious organisms in the immediate environment

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7
Q

sterile technique

A

specialized process designed to ELIMINATE pathogens from the clinical environment

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8
Q

standard precautions

A

standardized infection control practices
*required when working with ALL clients in ANY healthcare setting

hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, barriers (PPE)

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9
Q

common items used for PPE

A

gloves
gowns
face masks
eye coverings

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10
Q

transmission based precautions

A

standard precautions + precautions based on the way pathogens are transmitted

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11
Q

isolation precautions

A

attempt to prevent the spread of infection by separating susceptible hosts from sources of pathogens

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12
Q

nosocomial infections

A

acquired in the hospital

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13
Q

healthcare associated infections (HAI)

A

acquired in any healthcare setting

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14
Q

what can increase the risk of HAI?

A

the more invasive the patient care
the more frequently a patient is in contact with healthcare personnel
the more compromised a patient’s health condition

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15
Q

requirements for infection

A

(1) a source of infectious agent
(2) a susceptible host
(3) a means of transmission

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16
Q

describe the cycle of infection

A

(1) pathogen/infectious agent - bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites, prions (similar to virus)
(2) reservoir
(3) exit portal
(4) means of transmission - contact (direct/indirect), droplet, airborne
(5) entry portal
(6) susceptible host

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17
Q

describe contact precautions

A

standard precautions +

gloves - don upon entering/change as needed/doff before leaving
gown - don upon entering/doff before leaving
*mask - not required

extra: minimize/cover infected areas of patient

(ex - MRSA, C-diff)

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18
Q

describe droplet precautions

A

standard precautions +

gloves - don upon entering/change as needed/doff before leaving
gown - don upon entering/doff before leaving
mask - don upon entering/doff before leaving

extra: patient wears mask

(ex - flu)

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19
Q

describe airborne precautions

A

standard precautions +

gloves: don before entering room/doff after leaving room
gown: don before entering room/doff after leaving room
mask: N-95 done before entering room/doff after leaving room

extra: patient wears mask/negative pressure room

(ex - TB)

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20
Q

define airborne AND contact precautions

A

gloves: don before entering/doff after leaving
gown: don before entering/doff after leaving
mask: N-95 don before entering/doff after leaving

extra: patient wears mask/cover lesions/negative air pressure room

(ex - chicken pox with open lesions)

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21
Q

describe support points for short-term supine positioning

A

head
under knees

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22
Q

describe skin break down areas for supine positioning

A

occiput (head)
scapulae
spine
elbows
sacrum/coccyx
ischial tuberosities
lateral malleoli (if feet are rotated out)
heels

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23
Q

describe support points for short term prone positioning

A

head
hips
feet

24
Q

describe skin break down points in prone

A

ear/face
chin
iliac crests/ASIS
anterior knees
dorsum (top of feet)

25
Q

describe support areas for side-lying

A

head
side
possibly between the knees for comfort

26
Q

describe skin break points for side-lying

A

ear
humeral head
hip/greater trochanter
lateral femoral condyle of underside leg
medial femoral condyles of both legs
lateral melleolus of underside leg
medial malleoli of both legs

27
Q

describe support points for sitting

A

head
lumbar
feet support

28
Q

describe skin break points for sitting

A

occiput
scapulae
spine
elbows
sacrum/coccyx
ischial tuberosities
heels

29
Q

what are contractures?

A

limits in joint motion caused by the shortening of ligaments, tendons, and muscles - can be permanent

30
Q

name contractures associated with supine positioning

A

shoulder flexion
elbow flexion
wrist/hand flexion
hip flexion/adduction
knee flexion
ankle plantar flexion

31
Q

name contractures associated with side-lying

A

shoulder flexion/-adduction
- scapular protraction
elbow flexion
wrist/hand flexion
hip flexion/adduction
knee flexion
ankle plantar flexion

32
Q

describe contractures associated with sitting

A

shoulder flexion
elbow flexion
wrist/hand flexion
hip flexion/adduction
knee flexion
ankle plantar flexion

33
Q

describe fowler’s position

A

semi-reclined
knees flexed
HOB (head of bed) elevated 45-60 degrees

34
Q

describe trendelenburg position

A

patient is supine
head of bed is LOWER than feet

35
Q

gravity/friction

A

increase resistance to activities

36
Q

describe the COG

A

where the cardinal planes intersect
S2 in adults
position your COG close to the object’s COG
COG is lower = stability increases

37
Q

BOS

A

base of support

38
Q

valsalva maneuver

A

holding your breath and trapping air in thorax - decreases the return of blood to the heart, decreases CO, and increases BP

39
Q

what are the different ways to lift an object?

A

squat
half-kneel
single-leg

40
Q

what are the types of vital signs?

A

temp
BP
HR
RR

41
Q

what factors can affect the vital signs?

A

age
level of activity
environmental temp
emotional status
psychological status
gender
medicine
tobacco/drugs
food
pain

42
Q

where can temp be taken?

A

tympanic (ear)
oral
axillary
rectal (most accurate - used for babies)

43
Q

average temp

A

98.6

44
Q

sites that HR can be taken

A

*carotid
*brachial
*radial
femoral, popliteal, dorsal pedal, posterior tibial arteries

45
Q

tachycardia

A

fast HR - over 100 bpm

46
Q

bradychardia

A

slow HR - less than 60 bpm

47
Q

HR description numbers

A

0 - absent
+1 - weak or thready
+2 - NORMAL
+3 - crazy fast

48
Q

describe systolic and diastolic

A

systolic - top number - ventricular contraction
diastolic - bottom number - ventricular relaxation

49
Q

normal BP across age ranges

A

less than 1: 60 or 70-95/variable
1 to 8: 80-110/variable
adults: below 120/below 80

50
Q

which are the most important korotkoff sounds?

A

first and last (normally 1 and 5)

51
Q

contraindications for taking BP

A
  • if there has been recent axillary or breast surgery
  • an intravenous line or recent blood transfusion in that limb
  • not on thigh if there has been recent surgery on hip or lower extremity
52
Q

orthostatic hypotension

A

systolic drops 20
diastolic drops 10

within 3 minutes of moving or standing up from supine

symptoms: dizziness, lightheaded, fainting

53
Q

what are red flag numbers for BP during activity?

A

systolic over 250
diastolic over 115

54
Q

describe normal RR across age ranges

A

less than 1 year: 40-60 & 25-50
1 to 8: 15-30
adults: 12-20

55
Q

describe the borg scale

A

patient chooses a number they feel shows how hard they are working

6-20 (6 is lightest, 20 is hardest)
*9 - very light, 13- somewhat hard, 17 - very hard

56
Q

how are maximum and target HR calculated

A

220- age = max
max x 64% and 76% = target HR

Patient Care Skills (3 decks)

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