Unit 1 Lecture Flashcards by Alyicia Ewing

define clean

a state of minimized infectious organisms

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define soiled/dirty

describes areas or items with possible exposure to pathogens

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describe the disposal of soiled items

blue bags - for soiled items with no known contaminants
red bags - contaminated disposal

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sharps container

for needles, scalpels, or other sharp equipment capable of puncturing the skin

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can a surface be determined as clean by visual inspection alone?

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clean technique

efforts to REDUCE infectious organisms in the immediate environment

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sterile technique

specialized process designed to ELIMINATE pathogens from the clinical environment

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standard precautions

standardized infection control practices
*required when working with ALL clients in ANY healthcare setting

hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, barriers (PPE)

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common items used for PPE

gloves
gowns
face masks
eye coverings

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transmission based precautions

standard precautions + precautions based on the way pathogens are transmitted

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isolation precautions

attempt to prevent the spread of infection by separating susceptible hosts from sources of pathogens

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nosocomial infections

acquired in the hospital

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healthcare associated infections (HAI)

acquired in any healthcare setting

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what can increase the risk of HAI?

the more invasive the patient care
the more frequently a patient is in contact with healthcare personnel
the more compromised a patient’s health condition

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requirements for infection

(1) a source of infectious agent
(2) a susceptible host
(3) a means of transmission

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describe the cycle of infection

(1) pathogen/infectious agent - bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites, prions (similar to virus)
(2) reservoir
(3) exit portal
(4) means of transmission - contact (direct/indirect), droplet, airborne
(5) entry portal
(6) susceptible host

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describe contact precautions

standard precautions +

gloves - don upon entering/change as needed/doff before leaving
gown - don upon entering/doff before leaving
*mask - not required

extra: minimize/cover infected areas of patient

(ex - MRSA, C-diff)

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describe droplet precautions

standard precautions +

gloves - don upon entering/change as needed/doff before leaving
gown - don upon entering/doff before leaving
mask - don upon entering/doff before leaving

extra: patient wears mask

(ex - flu)

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describe airborne precautions

standard precautions +

gloves: don before entering room/doff after leaving room
gown: don before entering room/doff after leaving room
mask: N-95 done before entering room/doff after leaving room

extra: patient wears mask/negative pressure room

(ex - TB)

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define airborne AND contact precautions

gloves: don before entering/doff after leaving
gown: don before entering/doff after leaving
mask: N-95 don before entering/doff after leaving

extra: patient wears mask/cover lesions/negative air pressure room

(ex - chicken pox with open lesions)

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describe support points for short-term supine positioning

head
under knees

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describe skin break down areas for supine positioning

occiput (head)
scapulae
spine
elbows
sacrum/coccyx
ischial tuberosities
lateral malleoli (if feet are rotated out)
heels

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describe support points for short term prone positioning

head
hips
feet

describe skin break down points in prone

ear/face
chin
iliac crests/ASIS
anterior knees
dorsum (top of feet)

describe support areas for side-lying

head side possibly between the knees for comfort

describe skin break points for side-lying

ear humeral head hip/greater trochanter lateral femoral condyle of underside leg medial femoral condyles of both legs lateral melleolus of underside leg medial malleoli of both legs

describe support points for sitting

head lumbar feet support

describe skin break points for sitting

occiput scapulae spine elbows sacrum/coccyx ischial tuberosities heels

what are contractures?

limits in joint motion caused by the shortening of ligaments, tendons, and muscles - can be permanent

name contractures associated with supine positioning

shoulder flexion elbow flexion wrist/hand flexion hip flexion/adduction knee flexion ankle plantar flexion

name contractures associated with side-lying

shoulder flexion/-adduction - scapular protraction elbow flexion wrist/hand flexion hip flexion/adduction knee flexion ankle plantar flexion

describe contractures associated with sitting

shoulder flexion elbow flexion wrist/hand flexion hip flexion/adduction knee flexion ankle plantar flexion

describe fowler's position

semi-reclined knees flexed HOB (head of bed) elevated 45-60 degrees

describe trendelenburg position

patient is supine head of bed is LOWER than feet

gravity/friction

increase resistance to activities

describe the COG

where the cardinal planes intersect S2 in adults position your COG close to the object's COG COG is lower = stability increases

BOS

base of support

valsalva maneuver

holding your breath and trapping air in thorax - decreases the return of blood to the heart, decreases CO, and increases BP

what are the different ways to lift an object?

squat half-kneel single-leg

what are the types of vital signs?

temp BP HR RR

what factors can affect the vital signs?

age level of activity environmental temp emotional status psychological status gender medicine tobacco/drugs food pain

where can temp be taken?

tympanic (ear) oral axillary rectal (most accurate - used for babies)

average temp

98.6

sites that HR can be taken

*carotid *brachial *radial femoral, popliteal, dorsal pedal, posterior tibial arteries

tachycardia

fast HR - over 100 bpm

bradychardia

slow HR - less than 60 bpm

HR description numbers

0 - absent +1 - weak or thready +2 - NORMAL +3 - crazy fast

describe systolic and diastolic

systolic - top number - ventricular contraction diastolic - bottom number - ventricular relaxation

normal BP across age ranges

less than 1: 60 or 70-95/variable 1 to 8: 80-110/variable adults: below 120/below 80

which are the most important korotkoff sounds?

first and last (normally 1 and 5)

contraindications for taking BP

- if there has been recent axillary or breast surgery - an intravenous line or recent blood transfusion in that limb - not on thigh if there has been recent surgery on hip or lower extremity

orthostatic hypotension

systolic drops 20 diastolic drops 10 within 3 minutes of moving or standing up from supine symptoms: dizziness, lightheaded, fainting

what are red flag numbers for BP during activity?

systolic over 250 diastolic over 115

describe normal RR across age ranges

less than 1 year: 40-60 & 25-50 1 to 8: 15-30 adults: 12-20

describe the borg scale

patient chooses a number they feel shows how hard they are working 6-20 (6 is lightest, 20 is hardest) *9 - very light, 13- somewhat hard, 17 - very hard

how are maximum and target HR calculated

220- age = max max x 64% and 76% = target HR