Unit 1 - Landscapes And Physical Processes Flashcards
Define Topography
It shows how steep or fast our land is. It shows the contour lines. It also shows the depth and the shape
What are the main significant features of the Case Study of Snowdonia
Geology - Glaciers,Large Mountain Ranges,Diverse Landscaoe shaped by volcanic eruptions
Vegetation- Rare Species of Plants, Diverse range of plants and aninal life
Land use - shaped by slate mining, agriculture and forestry
People and Agriculture - welsh language, world heritage sites
Define AONBs
Area of outstanding natural beauty
Define NP
National Park
What is fetch?
How far a wave has travelled
How does a wave move forward to create fetch?
Waves are created by wind blowing over the surface of the sea
As the wind blows over the sea, friction is created producing a swell in the water
The energy of the wind causes water particles to rotate inside the swell
This make the waves move forward
What are the three things that the size and energy of a wave are influenced by
How long the wind has been blowing
The strength of the wind
How far it has travelled
What is swash?
When a wave breaks, water is washed up the beach
What is Backwash?
Then the water runs back down the beach
What happens with a constructive wave?
Swash is stronger than backwash
What happens with a destructive wave?
Backwash is stronger than swash
Three features of a constructive wave
Long wavelength and low on height
Created in calm weather and are less powerful
Break on the shore and deposit materials
Three features of a destructive wave
Short wave length and are high and steep
Tend to erode coasts
Occur when wave energy is high and the wave has travelled over a long fetch
What are the four types of coastal erosion
Hydraulic action
Attrition
Solution
Abrasion
Hydraulic action - Coastal
Air becomes trapped in joints and cracks on a cliff. When a wave breaks, the trapped air is compressed which weakens the cliff and causes erosion
Attrition - Coastal
Waves smash rocks and pebbles on the shore into each other and they break and become smoother
Solution - Coastal
Acids contained in seawater will dissolve some types of rocks such as chalk and limestone
Abrasion - Coastal
Bits of rock and sand in waves grind down cliff surfaces like sandpaper
Order of the headland
Crack
Cave
Arch
Stack
Stump
How is a wave cut platform creates?
The sea erodes the base of the cliff between high and low tide
Erosion causes a wave cut notch to form. This continues to cut deeper and deeper into the base of the cliff through processes such as abrasion and Hydraulic action.
This leaves huge sections of the cliff unsupported. The top is also weakened through weathering. Eventually gravity takes over and the cliff collapses
Some rocks from the base of the cliff are left behind.
What are some Environmental challenges caused by humans along the glamorgan heritage coastline
Climate Change
Air Quality
Soil and Agriculture
Some advantages of tourism
Jobs are created
Money from tourist can be used to protect the natural landscape
Greater demand for local food and crafts
Some disadvantages of tourism
Jobs are often seasonal and poorly paid
Damage to natural environment
Culture and traditions are lost as outsiders arrive and expect certain services
Define Honey Pot site
Is a location attracting a large number of tourists who due to their numbers place pressure on the environment.
Name some social and economic changes in rural areas
New homes
Decline in services
Rural deportation
Competition from abroad
Job losses
House prices increase
Define carrying capacity
The number of people, animals or crops, which a region can support without environmental damage
Define weathering
When rock is exposed to certain conditions it becomes subject to processes that cause it to change and break down
What are the three types of weathering
Freeze-Thaw
Biological
Chemical
What happens in Freeze Thaw weathering
- Water collects in the rock Crack
- Water freezes and expands forcing the crack to widen
- Ice thaws contrasts and water gets deeper into cracks again
- Repeated expansion and contraction causes further cracks till rock splits
What happens in Biological Weathering?
- Sometimes seeds get I to cracks in the rock and grow because it is sheltered
- As they grow bigger the roots push open the cracks and make them wider and deeper
- Pieces of rock start to fall away
Define Transportation coastal
The movement of eroded material up and down, along the coast
Define Deposition Coastal
When the sea loses energy, it drops the sand, rock particles and pebbles that it has been carrying, depositing them
What is a discordant coastline?
Bands of rocks alternating between soft and hard
What is concordance coastlines
Same type of rock along its length of a coastline
Define Drainage Basin
Area of land around the river that is drained by the river and its tributes
Define Confluence of a river
The point of which two rivers meet
Define Tributary
A small river or stream that joins a large river
Vertical erosion
When land is eroded so that the river gets deeper
Down
Lateral erosion
When land is eroded so that the river gets wider
What are the four types of transportation in rivers
Suspension
Traction
Solution
Saltation
What is suspension
Lighter sediment is suspended within the water
What is Traction
Large, Heavy pebbles are rolled along the river bed
What is Saltation
Pebbles are bounced along the river bed
What is Solution
The transport of dissolved chemicals
Deposition in Rivers
When a river loses energy, it drops any of the material it has been carrying
What are the factors leading to deposition
Shallow water
At the end of the rivers journey, at the rivers mouth
When the volume of the water decreases
What features of a river can u find in the upper course
Reservoir
Gorge
Waterfalls
V-shapes valleys
Features of the river at the middle course
Meanders
Ox-bow lakes
